“…Slow growth rates, large asymptotic sizes, low fecundity and late maturations cause shark populations to grow at remarkably slow rates even when unexploited (Schindler et al, 2002;Cortés, 2008;Dulvy et al, 2008;Field et al, 2009;Smart et al, 2017;Grant et al, 2018Grant et al, , 2020Erhardt & Weder, 2020). Consequently, even low levels of fishing mortality can lead to disturbances in population dynamics such as decreased recruitment strengths and cause declines (Schindler et al, 2002;Smart et al, 2017;Santana et al, 2020;Tsai et al, 2020). In addition, there is only scant evidence pointing to compensatory effects of exploitation on shark population parameters such as increased fecundities and earlier maturation (Frisk et al, 2005).…”