“…Whilst the language of neoliberalism and governance may be softer in Scotland than elsewhere (for example, England and Australia), the philosophy and language of educational reform since the 1990s is largely the same: measurements, targets, performance, control from a distance (surveillance) and regulation outputs (learning outcomes and assessment benchmarks as opposed to specifying what is to be learned) (Nieveen and Kuiper, 2012) whereby teachers, schools and local authorities become responsible for evidencing achievement. The global emphasis on and investment in professional development or professional learning is a response to the perceived crisis in the quality, competence and professionalism of teachers (Gore et al, 2022). Professional learning is, however, critical to the implementation of new curricula in countries such as Scotland, Wales, New Zealand and the Netherlands (Sinnema et al, 2020).…”