From Paris to practice: sustainable implementation of renewable energy goals

Baruch‐Mordo, Sharon; Kiesecker, Joseph M.; Kennedy, Christina M.; Oakleaf, James R.; Opperman, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf6e0

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…If renewable energy proceeds in this manner it could counteract its expected benefits. The potential for land use conflicts is high, given that a 9fold increase in renewable energy generation (9,017 TWh) is needed to meet PCA goals ( Figure 1C, Baruch-Mordo et al, 2019). Others have assessed impacts associated with renewable energy development for individual countries (McDonald et al, 2009;Arent et al, 2014) or globally for biodiversity impacts (Santangeli et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address this gap, we present a spatially explicit forecast of wind and solar energy expansion under the PCA, and explore the biodiversity and carbon storage consequences of maximizing exploitation of solar and wind energy resources to meet PCA goals. We used estimates of energy production needed to meet PCA emission reduction targets for 109 countries (representing 83% of global terrestrial lands, and 92% of global GHG emissions) whose NDC emissions goals could be attributed to electricity and heat generation from fossil fuels (World Bank, 2017;Baruch-Mordo et al, 2019). We calculated the area needed to meet NDC energy targets within each country and estimated the natural land that would be cleared if development focuses solely on maximizing resource potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hitting the Target but Missing the Mark: Unintended Environmental Consequences of the Paris Climate Agreement

Kiesecker

Baruch‐Mordo

Kennedy

et al. 2019

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Meeting climate mitigation and sustainable development goals requires rapid increases in both renewable energy development and carbon storage in ecosystems. If sited with the sole goal of maximizing production, renewable energy may negatively impact biodiversity and carbon storage. Here, we evaluated the potential unintended environmental consequences of this type of business-as-usual development scenario. We spatially allocated land-based, utility-scaled wind and solar energy needed to achieve emission reduction goals from nationally determined contributions under the Paris Climate Agreement. Siting was conducted at 1-km resolution and followed a scenario where onshore wind, concentrated solar power, and photovoltaic solar renewable energy developments were located where wind and solar resources were highest. Once sited, we evaluated the potential losses of natural lands, Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), threatened and endangered species, and carbon emissions. Over 11 million ha of natural lands can be lost, releasing almost 415 million tons of carbon storage, which equals 8.6% of overall Paris Agreement emission reduction goals. Globally we found that over 3.1 million ha of KBAs and ranges of 1,574 threatened and endanger species could be impacted, with the highest number of impacted species in the tropical countries of Indonesia (282), Malaysia (273), and Thailand (253). Avoiding land-based emissions through improved renewable energy siting can reduce these losses, potentially saving $47.5-$155.9 billion USD based on social carbon costs. Consideration of these impacts will help reduce investor risk to facilitate a timely transition to a low-carbon economy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hitting the Target but Missing the Mark: Unintended Environmental Consequences of the Paris Climate Agreement

Kiesecker

Baruch‐Mordo

Kennedy

et al. 2019

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…We then estimated renewable energy technical potential on suitable terrestrial lands for utility-scale wind and photovoltaics solar (PV; also referred to as ground-mounted solar) at 1-km resolution, following what is set out in Baruch-Mordo et al 2019 [22]. Consistent with the feasibility criteria for each sector's development we excluded for wind: any cell with wind speed <5 m/s, slope >30% and elevation >2000 m; and for PV: any cell with slope >5%.…”

Section: Renewable Energy Potential On Converted Landsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because many global or regional PV technical potential estimates do not apply GHI thresholds [23][24][25][26], and because GHI values in India exceeded most thresholds previously used (e.g., 1500 kWh/m 2 and 1400 kWh/m 2 [27,28]), we did not apply any GHI resource threshold for PV. For each remaining ith suitable cell, we then estimated the available annual GWh generation using: PD*CF i *8760/1000, where PD is power density or the MW produced per km 2 (2 MW/km 2 for wind, and 26 MW/km 2 for PV), CF i is the spatially explicit capacity factor based on Wu et al [29] as estimated in Baruch-Mordo et al [22], 8760 are the number of hours per year, and 1000 is a conversion factor from Sustainability 2020, 12, 281 5 of 14 MW to GW. Finally, we refined the derived wind and PV technical potential maps to include only cells that overlapped with converted lands, which were defined as any cell with LULC categories of current fallow, gullied, other wasteland, scrubland, and shifting cultivation.…”

Section: Renewable Energy Potential On Converted Landsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy and Land Use in India: A Vision to Facilitate Sustainable Development

et al. 2019

Self Cite

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India has committed to reduce emissions with a goal to increase renewable energy production to 175 gigawatts (GW) by 2022. Achieving this objective will involve rapidly increasing the deployment of solar and wind energy, while at the same time addressing the related challenges of the financing requirements, environment impacts, and power grid integration. Developing energy on lands degraded by human activities rather than placing new infrastructure within natural habitats or areas of high production agriculture would reduce cumulative impacts and minimize land use conflicts. We estimated that converted lands have the potential capacity of 1789 GW across India, which is >10 times the 2022 goals. At the same time, the total land footprint needed to meet India’s 2022 renewable energy target is large, ranging from ~55,000 to 125,000 km2, which is roughly the size of Himachal Pradesh or Chhattisgarh, respectively. If renewable energy is advanced with the singular aim of maximizing resource potential, approximately 6700–11,900 km2 of forest land and 24,100–55,700 km2 of agricultural land could be impacted. Subsidies and incentive programs aimed at promoting low-impact renewable energy deployment and establishing mitigation obligations that raise costs for projects that create land-impacts could improve the public support for renewable energy.

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“…Several jurisdictions around the world have set targets of supplying an increasing share of their electrical energy from renewable sources such as solar PV and wind. Examples include the EU's targets of 20% by 2020 (Capros et al, 2011) and the Paris Climate Accord (Baruch-Mordo et al, 2018). Although renewable generating technology has matured over the past few decades, it does come with some limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancillary services from wind turbines: AGC from a single Type 4 turbine

Rebello

Watson

Rodgers

2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Wind turbines possess the technical ability to provide various ancillary services to the electrical grid. Several regions have set ambitious targets of providing an increasing share of annual electrical energy from wind and other renewable sources of generation. Despite this, renewable generators such as wind and solar have traditionally not been allowed to provide significant amounts of ancillary services, in part due to the variable and uncertain nature of their electricity generation. Increasing levels of renewable generation, however, continue to displace existing synchronous generation and thus necessitate new sources of ancillary or system services. This work is part of an ongoing project that seeks to provide empirical evidence of how ancillary services can be provided from wind turbines. We focus specifically on providing secondary frequency response (AGC) and demonstrate that wind turbines have the technical capability to provide this service. The algorithms used are intentionally simple so as to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the turbine technology. This work presents results from a single, 800 kW, IEC Type 4 wind turbine. 10 % of rated power is offered on the regulation market. We do not separate up- and down-regulation into individual services. Up-regulation is offered through a 5 % constant power curtailment. The AGC update interval is 4 s, to mimic real-world conditions. We use performance scoring methods from the Pennsylvania-Jersey-Maryland (PJM) operator and the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to quantify the wind turbine's response. We use the calculated performance scores, annual site wind data and 2017 PJM market price data to estimate income from providing secondary frequency regulation. In all cases presented, income from the regulation market is greater than the energy income lost due to curtailment.

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From Paris to practice: sustainable implementation of renewable energy goals

Cited by 50 publications

References 33 publications

Hitting the Target but Missing the Mark: Unintended Environmental Consequences of the Paris Climate Agreement

Hitting the Target but Missing the Mark: Unintended Environmental Consequences of the Paris Climate Agreement

Renewable Energy and Land Use in India: A Vision to Facilitate Sustainable Development

Ancillary services from wind turbines: AGC from a single Type 4 turbine

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