From one to hundreds: multi-licensing in the JavaScript ecosystem

Moraes, João Pedro; Polato, Ivanilton; Wiese, Igor; Saraiva, Filipe; Pinto, Gustavo

doi:10.1007/s10664-020-09936-2

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moraes et al [9] studied common incompatibilities among open-source licenses, compared file-level and project-level license options, and recommended that developers use a file-level multi-licensing model for their code to overcome compatibility issues and offer less restrictive access options. As part of the license management and enforcement, other research proposed using the Markov chain to flag abnormal user behavior, binary analysis tools to detect code cloning, and a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to ensure compliance with license agreements [22], [23], [24].…”

Section: A Multi-license Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multi-licensing is beneficial to appease conflicting dependencies and satisfy a wide range of users in a way that balances profitability and accessible software. Therefore, many developers, especially in dependency-reliant languages such as JavaScript, employ a multi-license model for their software and yet face license incompatibility issues [9], [10]. Second, most open-source projects are certain to fail, wasting contributions that otherwise would flourish the software development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

NFTs for Open-Source and Commercial Software Licensing and Royalties

et al. 2023

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Software licenses are legal agreements of sale and usage among software developers and clients. Such legal agreements are crucial to effectively manage ownership and protect the rights of involved parties. Today's software licensing mechanisms are mostly centralized and do not address the ever-increasing issues and complexities of modern software that may include multiple licenses, open-source distribution, rewarding other contributors of external software libraries, and utilizing royalty payments for monetization. As a result, developers have lost confidence in the existing software licensing models, and many software projects are failing due to lack of funding and royalty payments. This paper addresses such issues and complexities by proposing a novel decentralized software licensing system based on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and blockchain. The proposed licensing system is applicable to both commercial and open-source software. We use NFTs as digital tokens that encapsulate software code and their artifacts by minting them as unique valuable assets that allow developers to store and manage them on a blockchain ledger. With NFTs, developers can register and license their code, monetize it on NFT marketplaces, and earn royalties from other software projects that use their code. We present system architecture, relevant sequence diagrams, and develop aggregation algorithms for Ethereum smart contracts with ERC-1155 NFTs. Furthermore, we perform functional validation of our system and analyze the cost of its adoption. We also analyze the security of the solution and show how its applicability can be generalized and extended. We have made our smart contract code and related testing scripts publicly available on GitHub.

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Section: A Multi-license Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NFTs for Open-Source and Commercial Software Licensing and Royalties

et al. 2023

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“…The usage of licenses in the JavaScript community, and specifically how multi-licensing is used, is studied in [7]. Multi-licensing in this work is viewed as the case where one project has components that are licensed under different licenses.…”

Section: Previous Work On Licensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous empirical studies have examined license usage in the framework of specific projects, communities or using the history of projects on GitHub [6,7,8]. However, the directions training activities need to be directed towards concerning licensing have not been examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of open source software licensing questions in Stack Exchange sites

Papoutsoglou¹,

Kapitsaki²,

Germán³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Free and open source software is widely used in the creation of software systems, whereas many organisations choose to provide their systems as open source. Open source software carries licenses that determine the conditions under which the original software can be used. Appropriate use of licenses requires relevant expertise by the practitioners, and has an important legal angle. Educators and employers need to ensure that developers have the necessary training to understand licensing risks and how they can be addressed. At the same time, it is important to understand which issues practitioners face when they are using a specific open source license, when they are developing new open source software products or when they are reusing open source software. In this work, we examine questions posed about open source software licensing using data from the following Stack Exchange sites: Stack Overflow, Software Engineering, Open Source and Law. We analyse the indication of specific licenses and topics in the questions, investigate the attention the posts receive and trends over time, whether appropriate answers are provided and which type of questions are asked. Our results indicate that practitioners need, among other, clarifications about licensing specific software when other licenses are used, and for understanding license content. The results of the study can be useful for educators and employers, organisations that are authoring open source software licenses and developers for understanding the issues faced when using licenses, whereas they are relevant to other software engineering research areas, such as software reusability.

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Analyzing FOSS license usage in publicly available software at scale via the SWH-analytics framework

Antelmi,

Torquati,

Corridori

et al. 2024

J Supercomput

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The Software Heritage (SWH) dataset represents an invaluable source of open-source code as it aims to collect, preserve, and share all publicly available software in source code form ever produced by humankind. Although designed to archive deduplicated small files thanks to the use of a Merkle tree as the underlying data structure, querying the SWH dataset presents challenges due to the nature of these structures, which organize content based on hash values rather than any locality principle. The magnitude of the repository, coupled with the resource-intensive nature of the download process, highlights the need for specialized infrastructure and computational resources to effectively handle and study the extensive dataset housed within SWH. Currently, there is a lack of infrastructures specifically tailored for running analytics on the SWH dataset, leaving users to handle these issues manually. To address these challenges, we implemented the SWH-Analytics (SWHA) framework, a development environment that transparently runs custom analytic applications on publicly available software data preserved over time by SWH. Specifically, this work shows how SWHA can be effectively exploited to study usage patterns of free and open-source software licenses, highlighting the need to improve license literacy among developers.

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From one to hundreds: multi-licensing in the JavaScript ecosystem

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

NFTs for Open-Source and Commercial Software Licensing and Royalties

NFTs for Open-Source and Commercial Software Licensing and Royalties

An analysis of open source software licensing questions in Stack Exchange sites

Analyzing FOSS license usage in publicly available software at scale via the SWH-analytics framework

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