From Nose to Lumbar Spinal Cord – Reduced Sperm Numbers Occur by Olfactory Bulbectomy-Related Onuf’s Nucleus Degeneration: New Experimental Evidence for Kallmann Syndrome

Abstract

Introduction: Olfaction and its relation to human health is an area of growing interest. Although olfaction disorders have been considered a part of Kallmann Syndrome, the role of olfactory dysfunction on spermatogenesis has not been studied yet. We studied if olfactory bulbectomy causes dysfunction in spermatogenesis as a result of Onuf’s nucleus damage. Methods: Twenty-eight male rats were divided into three groups: six as the control (G-1; n=6), six as the only frontal burr-hole applied animals SHAM (G-1I; n=6), and 16 as the study group (G-III; n=16) in which OBX was performed. The animals were followed for two months. After the decapitation of the animals, olfactory bulb (OB) volumes (mm3), the neuron density of the Onuf nucleus (n/mm3), and sperm density (n/mm3) were estimated stereologically, and analyzed. Results: Olfactory bulb volumes (mm3), degenerated neuron density of Onuf's nucleus (n/mm3), and sperm numbers of control, SHAM, and study groups were estimated as: 4±0.5; 6±2 and 103.245±10.841 in G-I; 3.5±0.7; 14±4 and 96.891±9.569 in G-II and 1.3±0.3; 91±17 and 73.561±6.324 in GIII. The statistical results of degenerated neuron density of Onuf's nucleus and sperm numbers between groups are as p<0.005 for GI/GII; p<0.0005 for GII/GIII and p<0.00001 for G-I/G-III. Discussion/Conclusion: This study first time indicates that Onuf's nucleus degeneration secondary to OBX seems to be responsible for reduced sperm numbers.

A Review of the Mysterious Roles of the Autonomic Ganglia Considered as Deep Intelligence Agency in the United States of the Brain

“… 70 Again, due to the gonadotropic and olfactotropic properties of COVID-19, localization of the olfactory and taste nerves will most likely cause important complications such as atrophy of the endo-exocrine glands, 67 depression, 68 atrophy of the mammary glands 66 intestinal immune deficiency 65 dysorgasmia, 32 and spermatogenesis disorders. 69 I think the complications will not be limited to this.…”

“…Recently, important bridgings have been discovered between olfactory nerves and various neural webs, 33 Olfactory bulbectomy may lead to the degeneration of substantia nigra, 63 Raphe nuclei degeneration, 64 denervation injury of Peyer’s patches, 65 mammary gland atrophy, 66 hypothyroidism, 67 neuronal degeneration in habenular nuclei, 68 Onuf’s nucleus degeneration induced reduced sperm numbers. 69 While these ways protect the organism from invisible troubles, they can also be spies that host coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-type viruses. Figure 5B shows the olfactory glomerulus of a rat.…”