From mantle to critical zone: A review of large and giant sized deposits of the rare earth elements

Smith, Martin; Moore, Kathryn; Kavecsánszki, Dora; Finch, Adrian A.; Kynický, Jindřích; Wall, Frances

doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2015.12.006

Cited by 145 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Secondary REE enrichment can be significant in the late stages of pluton emplacement, as evidenced by the Strange Lake REE-Zr-Nb deposit in Canada, where metasomatic processes led to hydrothermal mobilization and mineralization of the REE at the periphery of the pluton [4,5,16,17]. Similar metasomatic processes were observed in the Tamazeght alkaline HFSE/REE-enriched pluton in Morocco [20] and other deposits [2,4,[7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The economic significance of the REE is expected to increase in the coming years due to their varied uses in high technology and green industries [1,2]. The REE commonly occur in trace concentrations in the earth's crust [3], while economic REE deposits typically are associated with carbonatite and alkaline/peralkaline igneous systems at intraplate tectonic settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The REE commonly occur in trace concentrations in the earth's crust [3], while economic REE deposits typically are associated with carbonatite and alkaline/peralkaline igneous systems at intraplate tectonic settings. Prominent examples include Bayan Obo in China [2], Strange Lake and Nechalacho in Canada [4][5][6][7], Mountain Pass, CA [8], and Bear Lodge, WY, in the USA [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Igneous processes such as partial melting, crustal assimilation, melt immiscibility, and fractional crystallization, along with crustal metasomatism, can lead to the formation of REE-enriched carbonatite, alkaline, and peralkaline melts [2,[10][11][12][13][14][15]. Numerous studies have also indicated the importance of hydrothermal processes for the mobilization and concentration of the REE in the late magmatic evolution stages of carbonatite and alkaline/peralkaline systems [4,5,[16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

Perry

Gysi

2018

Geofluids

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is properly cited.Studying the speciation and mineral-fluid partitioning of the rare earth elements (REE) allows us to delineate the key processes responsible for the formation of economic REE mineral deposits in natural systems. Hydrothermal REE-bearing calcite is typically hosted in carbonatites and alkaline rocks, such as the giant Bayan Obo REE deposit in China and potential REE deposits such as Bear Lodge, WY. The compositions of these hydrothermal veins yield valuable information regarding pressure ( ), temperature ( ), salinity, and other physicochemical conditions under which the REE can be fractionated and concentrated in crustal fluids. This study presents numerical simulation results of the speciation of REE in aqueous NaCl-H 2 O-CO 2 -bearing hydrothermal fluids and a new partitioning model between calcite and fluids at different --conditions. Results show that, in a high CO 2 and low salinity system, bicarbonate/carbonate are the main transporting ligands for the REE, but predominance shifts to chloride complexes in systems with high CO 2 and high salinity. Hydroxyl REE complexes may be important for the solubility and transport of the REE in alkaline fluids. These numerical predictions allow us to make quantitative interpretations of hydrothermal processes in REE mineral deposits, particularly in carbonatites, and show where future experimental work will be essential in improving our modeling capabilities for these ore-forming processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

Perry

Gysi

2018

Geofluids

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“…The good correlation among Th, Zr, and REE may indicate that these elements are probably associated with minerals such as zircon and apatite [29,30]. The elevated value of Th, REE and Zr found in sample CH7 matches with the nepheline syenite mineralogy, probably due to the presence of apatite-like minerals, monazite and zirconosilicates [31].…”

Section: Radiological and Elemental Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 74%

Radiological hazard indices and elemental composition of Brazilian and Swiss ornamental rocks

Hajj¹,

Silva²,

Gandolla³

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Rad. Sci.

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The REE s in Hydrothermal Systems

Migdisov¹,

Williams‐Jones²,

Brugger³

2019

Encyclopedia of Water

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Extensive use of the rare earth elements (REEs, mostly represented by the lanthanide group from La to Lu) in renewable energy applications and defense‐related technologies triggered high and growing interest to the processes responsible for migration, separation, and concentration of these elements in natural processes. Understanding these processes and the behavior of REEs in them is essential for exploration of new resources of these elements and efficient use of REEs in industrial applications. There is now an almost universal agreement that hot aqueous fluids play a significant and, in some cases, a dominant role in concentration and separation of REEs in nature. This article reviews high‐temperature experimental data collected over the past 15 years on the stability of the REE aqueous species and minerals and discusses the mechanisms responsible for hydrothermal transport and deposition of the REEs.

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From mantle to critical zone: A review of large and giant sized deposits of the rare earth elements

Cited by 145 publications

References 120 publications

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

Rare Earth Elements in Mineral Deposits: Speciation in Hydrothermal Fluids and Partitioning in Calcite

Radiological hazard indices and elemental composition of Brazilian and Swiss ornamental rocks

The REE s in Hydrothermal Systems

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