From Kanizsa Back to Benussi: Varieties of Intentional Reference

2010

Axiomathes

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Nowadays cognitive science often views sensorial presentations and mental presentations as mutually exclusive, and they are also given separate treatment by neurophysiologists and by cognitive scientists, and some phenomena (like anomalous surfaces or various types of imagery) are reduced to either the former or the latter. Since no adequate methods for its investigation have been developed, the level of perceptual experiences analysed by Gestaltists and magnificently illustrated by Metzger in his Laws of Seeing remains unexplored. Starting from Metzger's analyses the paper deals with the question of the theoretical value of experimental phenomenology to the theory of knowledge and ontology.

Section: An Empirical Descriptive and Experimental Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

On Seeing: Remarks on Metzger’s Laws of Seeing

2010

Axiomathes

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“…26 This also explains the heart of the controversy between Berlin and Graz schools in gestaltist research. See Kanizsa (1952) and Albertazzi (2001cAlbertazzi ( , 2003. extension of psychic actuality and with directly intuitable duration.…”

Section: The Conditions Of Durationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SeeMager (1920Mager ( , 1925.15 A result that confirms the theses and experimental results of the Graz school. See alsoKanizsa (1991) andAlbertazzi (2003Albertazzi ( , 2004.16 This is mostly the domain of the so-called "fleeting objects." See below.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Renata Calabresi: The experimental analysis of the present.

2011

History of Psychology

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Between the 1920s and 1930s, Renata Calabresi conducted pioneering laboratory researches on the nature, extensity, and quality of the psychic present. Her analyses stemmed from the Central European tradition initiated by Stern, Brentano, Meinong, and Benussi. Her work has remained largely unrecognized, because of both the decline of the underlying theoretical paradigm, namely descriptive psychology, and the historical events of the time that swept aside the lives of those involved. This article presents her researches on the roots of phenomenal consciousness. She proved that in the subjective time there occur perceptual events that are at least partially independent from those of the time of objective sequences. Subjective and objective time, therefore, do not flow in unison, and the continuum of perceptive sequences has modalities of existence that differ from those of the continuum of physical sequences.

“…Moreover, each level has internal layers, of which examples at the psychic level are the various types of modal, amodal, and mental perception corresponding to the diverse forms of completion that Kanizsa analysed and made classic (Musatti 1964, page 315;Kanizsa 1980, chapter 3;Kanizsa 1991, chapter 2;Albertazzi 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereokinetic Shapes and Their Shadows

2004

Perception

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The visual space of phenomenal appearances has a complex geometry which cannot be reduced strictly to Euclidean or projective geometry. The distinctive nature of this space and its objects is evidenced paradigmatically by stereokinetic phenomena, which are perceptual objects in actual three-dimensional coming into being. Stereokinetic phenomena produce the appearance not only of corporeality but also, in certain circumstances, of shadows. By altering certain components of his experiments on the three-dimensional appearance of a truncated cone, in fact, Musatti discovered that on its white base floats some sort of shadow obscuring stretches of the white lines. These shadows are connected to phenomena of amodal presentations successively analysed by Kanizsa. The continuity of the unfolding in visual space of stereokinetic transformations produces a diversified series of percepts coming into being, shadows included, and highlights the role of configurational movement as a factor of formal unification, thereby proposing once again the hypothesis of assimilative factors as responsible for the field organisation of past experience.