From infant to mother: Early disease environment and future maternal health

The intergenerational transmission of inequality: Maternal disadvantage and health at birth

“…Historical U.S. data on mothers born between 1961 and 1990 shows that mothers who were born in a high disease environment (measured by using high post-neonatal mortality rates) were more likely to have diabetes than were other women at the time they delivered their own infants. Moreover, these women were also more likely to have low-birth-weight babies (44, 45). …”

The Changing Nature Of Children’s Health Development: New Challenges Require Major Policy Solutions

“…29 The gradients can initially be viewed through inequalities in women's health, with differential reproductive outcomes, including an inverse relationship between income and risk of premature birth. 30 Before birth, inequality takes its toll on the developing fetus. The intrauterine environment of low-income women, compared to that of women with higher incomes, is more likely to be poorly nourished, exposed to toxic chemicals, and subject to higher levels of circulating stress hormones.…”

Unfortunate Moms and Unfortunate Children: Impact of the Nepali Civil War on Women's Stature and Intergenerational Health

“…First, the established literature of in utero and early life shocks on adult outcomes (see review by Almond and Currie, 2011) and that insucient or lack of parental investment during critical periods of child development can lead to irreversible damage (Cunha and Heckman, 2007). Second, the paper is related to the literature providing strong positive intergenerational human capital transmission Moretti, 2003, 2007;Almond et al, 2012;Justino et al, 2014;Bhalotra and Rawlings, 2013). Third, combining the negative second generation health impacts and nding indicating increased fertility among the rst generation point to the Becker and Lewis's (1973) child quality-quantity trade-o hypothesis.…”