From Independence to Interdependence: Redefining Outcomes for Transitional Living Programs for Youth Experiencing Homelessness

Holtschneider, Casey

doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2016.97.26

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…In 2020, 52% of 18-to 29-year-olds were living with a parent (Fry et al, 2020), and well before the economic crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, 70% of 18-to 34year-olds received financial assistance from a parent, a third of which received regular help with their rent/mortgage payments (Merrill Lynch & Age Wave, 2019). The rhetoric of personal responsibility and self-sufficiency that pervades policy making (and funding) in the area of poverty and homelessness is not reflective of the experiences of the vast majority of young adults in the United States who continue to receive economic support from their parents (Holtschneider, 2016a). When one considers that Black and Latinx youth are at increased risk of experiencing homelessness (83% and 33% greater risk respectively; Morton et al, 2017), the racism embedded in this rhetoric becomes clear.…”

Section: Whose Behavior Needs To Change?mentioning

confidence: 99%

But How Homeless Are You? Toward a More Just and Effective Response to Youth Homelessness

Holtschneider

2021

Behav. Soc. Iss.

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Each year, an estimated 4,200,000 unaccompanied youth ages 13 to 25 experience homelessness in the United States. The threats facing young people in housing crisis are many, and their potential impacts, harrowing. Youth are at high risk for physical and sexual victimization, mental and physical illness, and involvement with the criminal legal system and face serious threats to their education, their future economic stability, and their lives. Despite these dangerous consequences, the response to this issue in the United States continues to lack urgency, meaningful investment, and empirical support. This article critically examines the current approach to services for youth in situations of homelessness in the United States. Directly informed by the lived experiences of young people, it calls for a shift in understanding of the nature and scope of the problem and, consequently, the practice and policy strategies being implemented to address it. Specifically, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s definition of homelessness, along with corresponding procedures that further limit access to services, is examined in a call to change course in response to youth homelessness.

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Section: Whose Behavior Needs To Change?mentioning

confidence: 99%

But How Homeless Are You? Toward a More Just and Effective Response to Youth Homelessness

Holtschneider

2021

Behav. Soc. Iss.

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“…The evidence base centers largely upon individual-level risks, with systemic factors such as poverty, discrimination, and flawed policy posited but seldom studied (Kidd, 2012). However, attention to systemic influences upon homelessness seems to be increasing (e.g., Holtschneider, 2016) relative to the individual-level analysis that has characterized much of the history of the field (Kidd & Taub, 2004).…”

Section: Risk Before and During Homelessnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, it is clear that housing in and of itself is necessary but insufficient to ensure both a permanent exit from homelessness and flourishing in major life domains. Youth have particularly diverse and complex needs and face substantial adversity from individual to structural levels in the transition from homelessness (Holtschneider, 2016; Kidd et al, 2016). Second, even where structured transitional support models are provided, there is considerable variability and, in practice, most systems utilize a very wide array of nonmodel and poorly resourced housing arrangements to place youth.…”

Section: Housing Outreach Program—collaboration (Hop-c)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trialing the feasibility of a critical time intervention for youth transitioning out of homelessness.

Kidd

Vitopoulos

Frederick

et al. 2020

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

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Little is known regarding the specific types of service models and collaborations that are necessary to support diverse populations of youth in transition out of homelessness. Transitional supports addressing the complex needs of this population are needed to stabilize the array of housing arrangements that youth access. This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial of one such critical time intervention, called the Housing Outreach Program-Collaboration (HOP-C). HOP-C is a multicomponent, multidisciplinary intervention that provides 6 months of mental health and peer support, along with transitional case management to youth who have transitioned into some form of stable housing out of homelessness. In this trial, 65 youth were randomized to receive HOP-C plus treatment as usual or transitional case management plus treatment as usual. Outcome assessments were completed by 30 treatment and 28 control participants. The findings suggest that this intervention is feasible with mental health, employment or education, and housing metrics favoring HOP-C with odds ratios ranging from 2.28 to 3.18 and better subjective housing stability. Other indicators showed less change. HOP-C appears feasible and should be tested in a fully powered trial, providing the intervention for a duration longer than 6 months. Overall, these data suggest the potential benefit in fostering city-level, multidisciplinary teams sourced from several organizations to support youth transitioning out of homelessness. Pragmatic trial method considerations for this population are also addressed as are the ethical considerations pertinent to engaging highly marginalized youth in clinical trials.

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“…Further, DICs provide tangible services (e.g., showers, laundry, food), as well as counseling, health services, assistance accessing government benefits, and street outreach. Both TLPs and DICs are oriented toward the ultimate goal of preparing RHY for successful future independent living (Holtschneider, 2016).…”

Section: The Importance Of Specialized Settings For Rhymentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Organizations Serving Runaway and Homeless Youth: A Multi-setting, Multi-perspective Qualitative Exploration

Gwadz

Freeman

Leonard

et al. 2018

Child Adolesc Soc Work J

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Runaway and homeless youth (RHY) are dependent on the specialized settings that locate, engage, and serve them. Yet, little research has focused on the features of effective settings for RHY. The present qualitative study, grounded in the Youth Program Quality Assessment model, explored characteristics of higher quality organizations for RHY and gaps that remain from staff and RHY perspectives. A total of 29 diverse settings serving RHY in New York State were randomly selected for participation, and ranked on a quantitative program quality index. Within settings, we conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with program administrators (N=30) and other staff (N=24). Focus group interviews were conducted with RHY (N=13 focus groups; N=84 RHY). Data were analyzed using a systematic content analysis approach that was both theory-driven and inductive, comparing higher to lower quality settings. We found all settings provided vital services and experienced challenges, but higher quality settings ameliorated challenges through 1) a youthcentered program philosophy equally understood by staff and RHY; 2) developmentally appropriate relationships between staff and RHY that promoted autonomy; 3) a focus on shortand long-term goals within anticipated crises; and 4) ongoing internal quality assessment procedures. Within lower-quality settings we found 1) difficulties retaining effective staff and 2) a primary focus on basic services and managing crises, but less attention to emotional support, exacerbated by 3) funding and other challenges emerging from the larger environment. The present study extends the literature on organizations for RHY by identifying characteristics of higher quality settings, and challenges that remain. Gwadz et al.

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From Independence to Interdependence: Redefining Outcomes for Transitional Living Programs for Youth Experiencing Homelessness

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

But How Homeless Are You? Toward a More Just and Effective Response to Youth Homelessness

But How Homeless Are You? Toward a More Just and Effective Response to Youth Homelessness

Trialing the feasibility of a critical time intervention for youth transitioning out of homelessness.

Understanding Organizations Serving Runaway and Homeless Youth: A Multi-setting, Multi-perspective Qualitative Exploration

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