From Identity to Uniqueness: The Emergence of Increasingly Higher Levels of Hierarchy in the Process of the Matter Evolution

Abstract

This article focuses on several factors of complification, which worked during the evolution of our Universe. During the early stages of such evolution up to the Recombination Era, it was laws of quantum mechanics; during the Dark Ages it was gravitation; during the chemical evolution-diversification; and during the biological and human evolution—a process of distinctifying. The main event in the evolution of the Universe was the emergence of new levels of hierarchy, which together constitute the process of hierarchogenesis. This process contains 14 such events so far, and its dynamics is presented graphically by a very regular and smooth curve. The function that the curve presents is odd, i.e., symmetric about its central part, due to the similarity of patterns of the deceleration during the cosmic/chemical evolution (1st half of the general evolution) and the acceleration during the biological/human evolution (its 2nd half). The main driver of the hierarchogenesis as described by this odd function is counteraction and counterbalance of attraction and repulsion that take various forms at the different hierarchical levels. Direction and pace of the irreversible and inevitable increase of the Universe complexity in accordance with the general law of complification result from a consistent influence of all these factors.

Hierarchical Information Entropy System Model for TWfMS

“…Furthermore, considering entropy as the main thread running through WfMS's physics and informatics characteristics [33], from the view of a dissipative structure system, this paper proposed a hierarchical information entropy system model for TWfMS. This means that the deterministic entropy of the WfMS is always in a non-equilibrium state, even the state of being far from equilibrium [58][59][60][61], and that the aim of the users is used to maintain it in such a stable non-equilibrium state with current requirements. Alternatively, it encounters a new stable non-equilibrium state from the previous non-equilibrium state, due to the unavoidable continuous requirement changes [62][63][64].…”

Structuredness as a Measure of the Complexity of the Structure and the Role of Post-Dissipative Structures and Ratchet Processes in Evolution

“…Because of this, biological systems approach to the maximum of normalized structuredness rather closely. But with the advent of new levels of hierarchy: a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, a multicellular organism etc., this maximum became more and more due to the increase in the diversity of possible structures [4]. This has made the process of structuring virtually unlimited.…”

“…Fortunately for us, this did not happen due to the Newton's law of universal gravitation: the slightest perturbations of the gas density grew under the action of gravitational forces and led to the formation of the first stars [3] as a result of ignition thermonuclear helium synthesis from hydrogen inside them under immense pressure caused by gravity. This created local free energy sources in the universe, which in fact led to its subsequent evolution [4]. As a result, the algorithmic complexity of the universe has not reached the maximum at which its full description cannot be shorter than the combination of descriptions of each hydrogen and helium atom.…”

Entropy, Information and Symmetry, Ordered is Symmetrical, II: System of Spins in the Magnetic Field

“…Entropy is a key concept in the characterization of ordering in physics [1][2], chemistry [3], biology [4][5][6] and engineering [6]. At the same time the notion of entropy remains one of the most abstract and least intellectually transparent quantities of physics [7][8][9].…”