From Human Automation Interactions to Social Human Autonomy Machine Teaming in Maritime Transportation

Abstract

Recent technological advances in the field of Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning led to the creation of smart AI-enabled automation systems that are drastically changing maritime transportation. We developed a systematic literature review to understand how automation, based on Information Technologies (IT), has tackled the challenges related to human and machine interactions. We notably discuss the conceptual evolution from Human-Automation Interaction (HAI) to Human Autonomy Teaming (HAT) and present the risks of high levels of automation and the importance of teamwork in safety critical systems. Our results lie on a map of five clusters that highlight the importance of trust in the interactions between humans and machines, the risks related to automation, the human errors that are arising from these interactions, the effects of automation on situational awareness and the social norms in human-computer interactions. This literature show that human-machines interactions have mainly been studied from the computer/information systems' (IS) point of view, hence neglecting the social dimensions of humans. Building on the difference between the concepts of automation and autonomy, we suggest the development of the concept of Social Human Autonomy Machine Teaming (SHAMT) to better consider the social dimensions of humans in these new interactions. Future research should focus on the right equilibrium between social needs, social interactions among humans and with autonomous machines with AI to optimize the global autonomy of the humanmachine teammates in a whole ecosystem.