From getting along to democratic engagement: Moving toward deep diversity in citizenship education

Abstract

For much of Canada's history, diversity has been a defining characteristic of the country and has preoccupied and bedevilled policymakers. Policy and practice in Canada has moved from attempts to assimilate minority groups to fostering respect and appreciation for diversity. We argue, however, that attention to diversity education remains superficial and limited. In this article we provide an overview of policy and practice in education about and for diversity in Canada, make connections between that and policy and practice in citizenship education. We also review findings from research in the area, and lay out possible directions for moving the field forward. Like other democracies Canada has struggled to balance recognition and respect for diversity with concerns about social cohesion and we believe Canada's unique experience in this area can provide valuable insights to researchers and practitioners in other jurisdictions.

Reimagining “Active” Participation in Ontario’s History Curriculum

“…For much of Canada's history, diversity and multiculturalism are defining features, yet Peck [26] argues that, "diversity education remains superficial and limited" [30]. The Canadian trend to implement diversity has shown "increased autonomy for national minorities; a move away from policies of assimilation of immigrants toward integration; and greater recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples" [20].…”

“…The need to implement these three forms of diversity is faced with the rise of globalization and Canadian pluralism. These factors have ushered in changes to Canada's educational policy from "an emphasis on assimilation, to more contemporary efforts to promote understanding of, and respect for, diversity" [30]. Ontario has shown changes in its educational policy to account for the changing composition of its inhabitants.…”

“…Canada's cornerstone of diversity may in fact perpetuate notions of colonialism and social conflict. In the 1990s, Canada coined the phrase, 'social cohesion' to maintain a "conflict-free society where citizens put their trust in the state and work on their behalf" [30]. Yet, the very idea of diversity challenges how social cohesion is practiced.…”

“…Yet, the very idea of diversity challenges how social cohesion is practiced. These two factors can either prevent "young people from new immigrant communities [from] getting in trouble…[or may create] ethnic enclaves [which could lead] young people to criminality or extremism" [30]. As well, these two factors could also limit Canada's practice of diversity in citizenship education.…”

“…A central feature of Canadian pluralism "is an activist conception of citizenship in which every citizen, or group of citizens, will have the knowledge, skills and dispositions needed to participate in civic life" [30]. Beyond these definitions, there is significant variation on what constitutes active citizenship education.…”