From friend to foe: Post-9/11 Pakistan–US relations; a realist perspective

Abstract

The relations between Pakistan and the United States, throughout the course of history, have witnessed many ups and downs. At times, when their interests were aligned, strong socio-economic and military cooperation was seen between the two states. Yet, on other occasions they were at odds with and distant from each other. However, post 9/11, Pakistan–US relations were at its zenith, when Pakistan became the frontline ally of the US in the war against terrorism in Afghanistan, and the US granted Pakistan the prestigious status of non-NATO ally. Soon after, though, the partnership between the two states was in troubled waters: when the US repeatedly violated Pakistan’s sovereignty through drone strikes and covert ops, it diplomatically painted Pakistan as the bad guy by claiming it to be part of the problem (terrorism), not the solution, and by promoting India within the region. Furthermore, when Pakistan became part of China’s New Silk Road initiative, commonly known as the Belt and Road Initiative, Pakistan–US relations saw its lowest point in history. This article critically analyzes post-9/11 Pakistan–US relations by application of two mainstream theories of international relations in tandem: Realism and (Neo)structural Realism. Realism explains the US foreign policy rationale, while Structural Realism explains Pakistan’s foreign policy choices in relation to the US.

Foreign aid: An agent for socioeconomic development? A case study from an emerging economy: Pakistan

“…Nonetheless, with the dawn of the new millennium, after the horrendous 9/11 attacks, the utility of Pakistan for the United States was at its zenith, given Pakistan's geographical proximity to Afghanistan and the U.S. desire to seek revenge. Therefore, to oblige Pakistan and ensure its compliance, not only were the previously imposed socioeconomic sanctions retracted but also Pakistan was given the prestigious status of a non-NATO ally (Zaidi & Ahmad, 2021), which resulted in Pakistan receiving unprecedented levels of foreign aid (Albright, 2014). To understand the relationship between foreign aid and socioeconomic development in Pakistan's case, a detailed quantitative analysis has been conducted for the years 2000-2022 along with supporting qualitative analysis using the RAM.…”