From famine to therapeutic weight loss: Hunger, psychological responses, and energy balance‐related behaviors

Stubbs, R. James; Turicchi, Jake

doi:10.1111/obr.13191

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…There was also a trend toward the main effect of week and group for percentage fat intake such that percentage fat intake was higher in the NWL group and there was an early-late increase in the percentage fat intake (but not absolute fat intake). The increase in fat intake during the intervention could indicate a decrease in adherence to the WL diet ( 52 ), a weakening in restraint/increase in disinhibition ( 21 ) or a compensatory response to prevent further WL ( 53 ). The types of fat participants consumed were not measured, therefore it is not possible to comment on the quality of fats consumed by participants in this study ( 54 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Living Energy Balance Behaviors Are Associated With Greater Weight Loss During a Weight Loss Program

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Free-living movement (physical activity [PA] and sedentary behavior [SB]) and eating behaviors (energy intake [EI] and food choice) affect energy balance and therefore have the potential to influence weight loss (WL). This study explored whether free-living movement and/or eating behaviors measured early (week 3) in a 14-week WL programme or their change during the intervention are associated with WL in women.Methods: In the study, 80 women (M ± SD age: 42.0 ± 12.4 years) with overweight or obesity [body mass index (BMI): 34.08 ± 3.62 kg/m2] completed a 14 week WL program focused primarily on diet (commercial or self-led). Body mass (BM) was measured at baseline, and again during week 2 and 14 along with body composition. Free-living movement (SenseWear Armband) and eating behavior (weighed food diaries) were measured for 1 week during week 3 and 12. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses examined whether early and early-late change in free-living movement and eating behavior were associated with WL. The differences in behavior between clinically significant weight losers (CWL; ≥5% WL) and non-clinically significant weight losers (NWL; ≤ 3% WL) were compared.Results: The energy density of food consumed [β = 0.45, p < 0.001] and vigorous PA [β = −0.30, p < 0.001] early in the intervention (regression model 1) and early-late change in light PA [β = −0.81 p < 0.001], moderate PA [β = −1.17 p < 0.001], vigorous PA [β = −0.49, p < 0.001], total energy expenditure (EE) [β = 1.84, p < 0.001], and energy density of food consumed [β = 0.27, p = 0.01] (regression model 2) significantly predicted percentage change in BM. Early in the intervention, CWL consumed less energy dense foods than NWL [p = 0.03]. CWL showed a small but significant increase in vigorous PA, whereas NWL showed a slight decrease in PA [p = 0.04].Conclusion: Both early and early-late change in free-living movement and eating behaviors during a 14 week WL program are predictors of WL. These findings demonstrate that specific behaviors that contribute to greater EE (e.g., vigorous PA) and lower EI (e.g., less energy-dense foods) are related to greater WL outcomes. Interventions targeting these behaviors can be expected to increase the effectiveness of WL programs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Living Energy Balance Behaviors Are Associated With Greater Weight Loss During a Weight Loss Program

et al. 2021

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“…[43]. Responses to weight loss, both physiological and psychological, occur on a continuum influenced by factors such as the degree and duration of energy deficit, initial body composition and the psychosocial environment [38]. This suggests that appetite may be more physiologically controlled in negative EB situations, while weaker links exist between physiological functioning, food intake and motivation to eat in positive or neutral EB states [44].…”

Section: How Does Appetite (Motivation To Eat) Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet composition and energy intake in humans

James Stubbs,

Horgan,

Robinson

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Absolute energy from fats and carbohydrates and the proportion of carbohydrates in the food supply have increased over 50 years. Dietary energy density (ED) is primarily decreased by the water and increased by the fat content of foods. Protein, carbohydrates and fat exert different effects on satiety or energy intake (EI) in the order protein > carbohydrates > fat. When the ED of different foods is equalized the differences between fat and carbohydrates are modest. Covertly increasing dietary ED with fat, carbohydrate or mixed macronutrients elevates EI, producing weight gain and vice versa. In more naturalistic situations where learning cues are intact, there appears to be greater compensation for the different ED of foods. There is considerable individual variability in response. Macronutrient-specific negative feedback models of EI regulation have limited capacity to explain how availability of cheap, highly palatable, readily assimilated, energy-dense foods lead to obesity in modern environments. Neuropsychological constructs including food reward (liking, wanting and learning), reactive and reflective decision making, in the context of asymmetric energy balance regulation, give more comprehensive explanations of how environmental superabundance of foods containing mixtures of readily assimilated fats and carbohydrates and caloric beverages elevate EI through combined hedonic, affective, cognitive and physiological mechanisms. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part II)’.

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“…R. Soc. B 378: 20220213 number of theoretical discussions on the potential effects of FFM loss on appetite [35][36][37]. If FFM loss does act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, then strategies that attenuate its loss could theoretically help counter compensatory changes in appetite.…”

Section: Body Composition and The Tonic Drive To Eatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate are determinants of energy intake: implications for a theory of appetite control

Hopkins

Gibbons

Blundell

2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Any explanation of appetite control should contain a description of physiological processes that could contribute a drive to eat alongside those that inhibit eating. However, such an undertaking was largely neglected until 15 years ago when a series of independent research programmes investigated the physiological roles of body composition and appetite. These outcomes demonstrated that fat-free mass (FFM), but not fat mass, was positively associated with objectively measured meal size and energy intake (EI). These findings have been accompanied by demonstrations that resting metabolic rate (RMR) is also positively associated with EI, with the influence of FFM largely mediated by RMR. These findings re-introduce the role of drive into models of appetite control and indicate how this can be integrated with processes of inhibition. The determinants of EI fit into an evolutionary perspective in which the energy demands of high metabolic rate organs and skeletal tissue constitute a need state underlying a tonic drive to eat. This approach should lead to the development of integrated models of appetite that include components of body composition (FFM) and energy expenditure (RMR) as tonic biological signals of appetite alongside other traditional tonic (adipose tissue derived) and episodic signals (gastrointestinal tract derived). This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)’.

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From famine to therapeutic weight loss: Hunger, psychological responses, and energy balance‐related behaviors

Cited by 10 publications

References 123 publications

Free-Living Energy Balance Behaviors Are Associated With Greater Weight Loss During a Weight Loss Program

Free-Living Energy Balance Behaviors Are Associated With Greater Weight Loss During a Weight Loss Program

Diet composition and energy intake in humans

Fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate are determinants of energy intake: implications for a theory of appetite control

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