From facial expressions to algorithms: a narrative review of animal pain recognition technologies
Ludovica Chiavaccini,
Anjali Gupta,
Guido Chiavaccini
Abstract:Facial expressions are essential for communication and emotional expression across species. Despite the improvements brought by tools like the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) in pain recognition in horses, their reliance on human identification of characteristic traits presents drawbacks such as subjectivity, training requirements, costs, and potential bias. Despite these challenges, the development of facial expression pain scales for animals has been making strides. To address these limitations, Automated Pain Rec… Show more
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