From Extracellular Vesicles to Global Environment: A Cosmopolite SARS-Cov-2 Virus<strong> </strong>

Abstract

Within the micro and nano world, tiny membrane-enclosed bits of material are more or less free to move and act as communication tools within cells, between cells, between different tissues and between organisms in global environment. Based on the mechanism of membrane budding and vesiculation that includes all types of cells, in this review, we attempted to present a review on SARS-CoV-2 virus actions in compartments of different scales (cells and their surroundings, tissues, organisms and society). Interactions of the virus with cells on a molecular level, with neural system, endothelium, hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal system and genitourinary system. Transmission route between organisms and between mother and fetus are considered. Also, transmission of virus through contact with materials and with environment, the suggested measures to prevent contamination with the virus and to support the organism against the disease are given.

Interdisciplinary Insight on European Spruce (Picea abies): Bi-ologically Active Compounds and their Usage

“…The SARS virus specifically binds to protein S, an enzyme that converts angiotensin 2 (ACE2). The enzyme ACE2 is found on cell membranes and serves as an entry port for the virus into the host cell (Koren et al, 2021;Kralj-Iglič et al, 2020). In a docking study, it was found that limonene could bind to ACE2 and potentially prevent the virus from entering cells (Abdelli et al, 2021).…”

Mechanical and Electrical Interaction of Biological Membranes with Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces

“…Material deposited also on the top surface of the TiO 2 nanotube walls is denoted by a black arrow. Adapted with permission from [ 60 , 61 ].…”

“…In the case of electrochemical anodization, nanotubes with a diameter of 100 nm were synthesized by using HF and ethylene gylcol as electrolytes (described in detail in Refs. [ 60 , 61 ]), whereas for the hydrothermal method, Ti foils were exposed to a basic medium of Ti isopropoxide suspension. Briefly, in the hydrothermal method, Ti foil (0.1 mm, 99.6+%, Advent) was washed in acetone, ethanol, and water (in each for 5 min).…”