2017
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00047
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From Electrochemical Biosensors to Biomimetic Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Environmental Determination of Heavy Metals

Abstract: Recent work relevant to heavy metal determination by inhibition-enzyme electrochemical biosensors and by selected biomimetic sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers has been reviewed. General features and peculiar aspects have been evidenced. The replace of biological component by artificial receptors promises higher selectivity and stability, while biosensors keep their capability of producing an integrated response directly related to biological toxicity of the samples.

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Cited by 28 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…Removal of the template leaves cavities that are complementary to the original template molecule or its structural analogs in terms of shape, size, and functional group in the resulting polymer. Over the past decades, MIPs have been prepared using various kinds of compounds as templates that had been hard to separate by conventional ways, and they have played important roles in many fields, including solid phase extraction, enantiomer separation, and sensors and membranes . The application of the molecular imprinting technique (MIT) in sample pretreatment has attracted increasing attention because the selectivity of the pretreatment procedure can be improved and the analysis method can be simplified.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Removal of the template leaves cavities that are complementary to the original template molecule or its structural analogs in terms of shape, size, and functional group in the resulting polymer. Over the past decades, MIPs have been prepared using various kinds of compounds as templates that had been hard to separate by conventional ways, and they have played important roles in many fields, including solid phase extraction, enantiomer separation, and sensors and membranes . The application of the molecular imprinting technique (MIT) in sample pretreatment has attracted increasing attention because the selectivity of the pretreatment procedure can be improved and the analysis method can be simplified.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Before diving into the reasons behind this dramatic change of the trends, several aspects concerning the use of MIPs as recognition elements in the development of sensors should be summarized. Compared to biological recognition elements, MIPs [34,35,36,37,38,39,40]: (1) are more stable under different chemical, thermal and mechanical conditions; (2) show high performance in the presence of aqueous/organic mixtures or even pure organic solvents; (3) can be considered as “low-cost” materials, as do not require animal experimentation, the template can be recovered and further purified after the synthesis if needed and those cases where extremely toxic and/or expensive reagents are required, templates can be substituted by cheaper and non-harmful analogues; (4) can be prepared even for those compounds for which there are no biological recognition elements available. On the other hand, they: (1) show slower binding kinetics; (2) cannot respond upon binding of non-active optical analytes; (3) should be integrated and coupled to the transducer element, which sometimes is complicated due to the polymeric nature of the material; (4) are limited to the detection of only one analyte hindering simultaneous detection.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They are generally used to mimic the natural biological receptors used such as antibodies and enzymes. MIPs offered various advantages such as robust, with high stability, required low‐cost preparation, and great specific recognition ability with a good sensitivity towards the targeted analyte .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, several reviews were published discussing the recent applications in the field of molecularly imprinting polymers . However, there are just a few reports discussing the application of nanomaterials and MIPs in electrochemical sensing strategies .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%