From Egg to Epithelium

Fleming, Tom P.; Johnson, Martin H.

doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.04.110188.002331

Cited by 228 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Polarization of mouse blastomeres occurs at the 8-cell morula stage as part of a morphogenetic process that is known as compaction (Fleming and Johnson, 1988). The apical membrane and cytocortical domains of the blastomeres become reorganized during compaction (Ducibella et al, 1977).…”

Section: Maintenance Of Agicaubasolateral Polarity Of Blastomeres In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial cell polarity in early Xenopus development

Müller

Hausen

1995

Developmental Dynamics

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The Xenopus blastula consists of two morphologically distinct cell types. Polarized epithelial cells build up the embryonic surface and fence off an inner non-polarized cell population. We examined the establishment of this early functional cell diversification in the embryo by single cell analysis, in vitro cell culture, and transplantation experiments. Single blastomeres from a 64-cell embryo (1/64 cells) exhibit several features of polarized cells. The plasma membrane of 1/64 cells consists of an apical domain, which is inherited from the original egg membrane, and a basolateral domain derived from newly formed membrane during cleavage. These are inherent, cell-autonomous properties of the blastomeres, as they form and are maintained in blastomeres raised in the absence of any cell interactions in calcium free medium. Upon in vitro culture a single 1/64 cell gives rise to an aggregate of two different cell types. Cells carrying a part of the former egg membrane domain differentiate into polarized epithelial cells, whereas cells lacking this membrane domain are not polarized. These results demonstrate that the inclusion of the egg membrane, rather than external signals related to the position of a cell in the intact embryo, is required for the apicalhasolateral differentiation of the surface epithelium. This view is supported by cell transplantation studies. A single 1/64 cell was implanted into the blastocoel of a stage 8 blastula embryo. The progeny of the implanted cell proliferate within the host embryo and split into two morphologically distinct populations with different cell behaviours. Cells incorporating a part of the egg membrane form coherent patches of polarized epithelial cell sheets in the interior of the host embryo. In contrast, cells lacking egg membrane do not exhibit any characteristics of polarized cells and eventually spread into different regions of the host embryo. Our results show that the egg membrane and/or components of the submembrane cortex play a determinative role in the formation of the blastula epithelium.

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Section: Maintenance Of Agicaubasolateral Polarity Of Blastomeres In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epithelial cell polarity in early Xenopus development

Müller

Hausen

1995

Developmental Dynamics

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“…The establishment of polarity has been studied during mouse embryogenesis; there, nonpolarized blastomeres of the preimplantation embryo acquire cell surface polarity in response to increased cell-cell contacts (Flemming and Johnson, 1988). Similarly, the conversion of embryonic kidney mesenchyme to epithelial cells is triggered by cell adhesion proteins such as laminin and uvomorulin (Ekblom, 1989).…”

Section: Abbreviation Used In This Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilayering and loss of apical polarity in MDCK cells transformed with viral K-ras.

Schoenenberger

Żuk

Kendall

et al. 1991

The Journal of Cell Biology

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Abstract. The effects of viral Kirsten ras oncogene expression on the polarized phenotype of MDCK cells were investigated. Stable transformed MDCK cell lines expressing the v-K-ras oncogene were generated via infection with a helper-independent retroviral vector construct. When grown on plastic substrata, transformed cells formed continuous monolayers with epithelial-like morphology. However, on permeable filter supports where normal cells form highly polarized monolayers, transformed MDCK cells detached from the substratum and developed multilayers. Morphological analysis of the multilayers revealed that oncogene expression perturbed the polarized organization of MDCK cells such that the transformed cells lacked an apical-basal axis around which the cytoplasm is normally organized. Evidence for selective disruption of apical membrane polarity was provided by immunolocalization of membrane proteins; a normally apical l l4-kD protein was randomly distributed on the cell surface in the transformed cell line, whereas normally basolateral proteins remained exclusively localized to areas of cell contact and did not appear on the free cell surface. The discrete distribution of the tight junction-associated ZO-1 protein as well as transepithelial resistance and flux measurements suggested that tight junctions were also assembled.These findings indicate that v-K-ras transformation alters cell-substratum and cell-cell interactions in MDCK cells. Furthermore, v-K-ras expression perturbs apical polarization but does not interfere with the development of a basolateral domain, suggesting that apical and basolateral polarity in epithelial ceils may be regulated independently.

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“…During mammalian preimplantation embryonic development, the embryo has to decide how to set apart the first two cell populations (Johnson and Ziomek 1981;Fleming and Johnson 1988). It remains an open question when and how the first cell fate decision is made.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cell fate inclination within 2-cell and 4-cell mouse embryos revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing

2014

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It remains an open question when and how the first cell fate decision is made in mammals. Using deep single-cell RNA-seq of matched sister blastomeres, we report highly reproducible inter-blastomere differences among 10 2-cell and five 4-cell mouse embryos. Inter-blastomere gene expression differences dominated between-embryo differences and noise, and were sufficient to cluster sister blastomeres into distinct groups. Dozens of protein-coding genes exhibited reproducible bimodal expression in sister blastomeres, which cannot be explained by random fluctuations. The protein expression of one gene out of four of these bimodal genes tested, Gadd45a, exhibited clear inter-blastomeric contrasts. We traced some of the bimodal mRNA expressions to embryonic genome activation, and others to blastomere-specific RNA depletion. Interblastomere differences created coexpression gene networks that were much stronger and larger than those that can possibly be created by random noise. The highly correlated gene pairs at the 4-cell stage overlapped with those showing the same directions of differential expression between inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). These data substantiate the hypothesis of inter-blastomere differences in 2-and 4-cell mouse embryos, and associate these differences with ICM/ TE differences.

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From Egg to Epithelium

Cited by 228 publications

References 86 publications

Epithelial cell polarity in early Xenopus development

Epithelial cell polarity in early Xenopus development

Multilayering and loss of apical polarity in MDCK cells transformed with viral K-ras.

Cell fate inclination within 2-cell and 4-cell mouse embryos revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing

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