From Dynamic Lesions to Brain Imaging of Behavioral Lesions: Alloying the Gold of Psychoanalysis with the Copper of Suggestion

Abstract

Contemporary studies in the cognitive neuroscience of attention and suggestion shed new light on psychoanalytic concepts of yore. Findings from neuroimaging studies, for example, seem to revive the notion of dynamic lesions-focal brain changes undetectable by anatomical scrutiny. With technologies such as brain imaging and reversible brain lesion, some findings from modern biological psychiatry seem to converge with nineteenth-century psychiatry, reminiscent of the old masters. In particular, suggestion has been shown to modulate specific neural activity in the human brain. Here we show that "behavioral lesions"-the influence that words exert on focal brain activity-may constitute the twenty-first-century appellation of "dynamic lesions." While recent research results involving suggestion seem to partially support Freudian notions, correlating psychoanalysis with its brain substrates remains difficult. We elucidate the incipient role of cognitive neuroscience, including the relative merits and inherent limitations of imaging the living human brain, in explaining psychoanalytic concepts.

Elucidating unconscious processing with instrumental hypnosis

“…Experimental accounts of hypnosis show how hypnotic suggestions can induce reversible neuropsychological conditions – a form of behavioral analog to TMS (cf., Raz and Wolfson, 2010). One example is visuospatial hemineglect, where hypnotic suggestions to favor one visual hemifield over the other lead to significant decreases in visual performance on the neglected side and neglect-like symptoms (Oakley and Halligan, 2009, see supplementary material; Raz, 2004; Priftis et al, 2011).…”

“…The fields of neuropsychology and behavioral neurology often feature deficits that are amenable to top-down influences ( Weiskrantz, 1986 ; Cowey, 2010 ; Overgaard, 2011 ) at different levels ( Marshall and Halligan, 1995 ; Fink et al, 1996 ). Experimental accounts of hypnosis show how hypnotic suggestions can induce reversible neuropsychological conditions – a form of behavioral analog to TMS (cf., Raz and Wolfson, 2010 ). One example is visuospatial hemineglect, where hypnotic suggestions to favor one visual hemifield over the other lead to significant decreases in visual performance on the neglected side and neglect-like symptoms ( Oakley and Halligan, 2009 , see supplementary material; Raz, 2004 ; Priftis et al, 2011 ).…”

Neuroscience and the “science” of psychoanalysis

“…Now that it is possible to look in on all sorts of discussions via the Internet, the sad realization is how little contribution is made by psychoanalysts to philosophical, methodological and ontological discussions about the mind, on which we have powerfully useful conceptions (e.g. Raz and Wolfson, 2010;Raz, 2010).…”