From Defamilialization to Degenderization: Toward a New Welfare Typology<sup>1</sup>

Saxonberg, Steven

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2012.00836.x

Cited by 169 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…By 2008, material problems regarding two key areas of work-family reconciliation had been identified in France and the UK F leave (Saxonberg, 2013): in France, the CLCA had neither a wage replacement rate high enough to M D n of a N in the 1990s) whilst in the UK only mothers had the right to extended leave. Second, both countries faced the question of affordability of and access to formal childcare principally for pre-school children 19 , a situation which was constituting a disincentive to labour force participation particularly among less educated and unskilled women (Evertsson et al, 2009).…”

Section: Changes To Work-family Reconciliation Policy In France and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

Windebank

2017

J. int. comp. soc. policy

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This article compares work-family reconciliation policy since 2008 in two contrasting case-study countries, namely France and the UK, and investigates how post-2008 economic circumstances and austerity measures have interacted with other policy drivers to influence the extent and shape of change in this policy area in these countries. The article demonstrates that work-family reconciliation policy in both countries has been resilient in the face of economic and budgetary problems and progress has been made albeit from different starting points and in path-dependent ways to “degender” parental leave and to improve the affordability of and access to childcare particularly for those on lower incomes. However, it also reveals that in both countries, despite partisan consensus on the need to further develop policy, a combination of economic constraints and the opposition to reform of key social and political actors has put a brake on change.

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Section: Changes To Work-family Reconciliation Policy In France and Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although in principle open to both parents and despite having a relatively long history, parental leave was highly gendered (Saxonberg, 2013). Around 97 per cent of those claiming the APE or later the CLCA were mothers (Boyer & Ceroux, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

Windebank

2017

J. int. comp. soc. policy

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“…This is not to claim that family policy is only about gender issues. For example, in Sweden there is a discourse about the child's right to both parents (Saxonberg 2013), and within the EU itself there is a discourse about human capital investment. However, since the EU did not require governments to set up commissions to do 'child-mainstreaming' or 'human-capital mainstreaming' it is not possible to see any connection between the EU's discourse on these issues and indirect influence on the development of Czech and Polish family policy.…”

Section: Theorizing Europeanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Indirect Future Influence of the EU on Post‐communist Family Policy

Saxonberg

2015

Soc Policy Adm

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Theorists of Europeanization expected the EU to have the greatest influence on post-communist countries during the period of negotiation to join the EU as the EU had the greatest possibilities of pressuring the post-communist countries to make reforms before they joined, on the grounds that it could threaten to prevent these countries from joining unless they met certain conditions. However, in the case of family policy, the EU had very little direct influence on the postcommunist countries. These countries had already long since met the minimum conditions for maternity leaves, while they simply ignored the Barcelona goal of providing day care for one-third of children aged under three. When the Czech Republic had the EU presidency, its Prime Minister openly stated that the post-communist countries would have never agreed to the Barcelona goals if they had been members at the time the agreement was made. The one area in which the EU has had some direct influence is in its demands to make laws gender neutral. Thus, the 'extended maternity leaves' that follow the more generously paid maternity leaves had to be transformed into 'parental leaves' that are open to men and guarantee men the right to get their job backs afterwards. However, since the leave benefits are a low flat-rate in most of the countries, very few men have gone on leave; so in practice they have remained as 'extended maternity leaves' more than parental leaves.Nevertheless, the EU has had great indirect influence on family policy in that by requiring 'gender mainstreaming', all the post-communist countries have had to set up commissions that examine law proposals from a gender equality perspective. This in turn has given the notion of 'gender equality' much more legitimacy in the public eye, as the mass media has felt pressure to report more on these issues. After discussing the actual changes in policies in two post-communist countries (the Czech Republic and Poland), this article goes on to analyze the discourse on feminism in the main daily newspapers, and it shows that before accession the newspapers were rather hostile towards feminism, while afterwards they have become much more accepting of the term. This more open view towards 'feminism' meant that it would be easier for future reforms in family policy to be made which could be more supportive of gender equality. Thus, Poland has recently reformed its parental leaves in a manner that gives men greater incentives to share in the leaves, and an openly feminist activist, who wants fathers to share in parental leaves, has recently become Minister for Labour and Social Affairs in the Czech Republic. The EU did not have any direct influence on these developments, but by forcing countries to have gender equality commissions, the EU contributed to

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“…5 The labour market effects of 'familialist' state policies are also explored by examining the labour force participation of mothers. See also Saxonberg (2013) for a critique of the theoretical framework of familialism. 6 Maternalist movements in Western Europe and the USA in the early 20 th century (see for example Koven and Michel, 1993) aimed to secure state support only for those mothers who were not supported by their husbands, and thus had to work for pay.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public maternalism in the Czech Republic and Hungary

Kampichler¹,

Kispeter²

2014

Socio.hu

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This article compares the post-1989 development of work-family policies aimed at mothers of young children in two Visegrad countries, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The comparison draws on the conceptual framework of 'maternalism' and expands it by focusing on the similarities and differences between two welfare states which provide generous public support to the maternal care of young children; it also incorporates an analysis of policy and political documents. The paper argues that in the Czech Republic, public support is given exclusively to the maternal care of children under the age of three, while the Hungarian system offers basic public support to day care services as well. The discursive analysis has revealed the same pattern:Czech documents focus entirely on maternal care, though mothers are subsumed under the 'family', while Hungarian texts contain a wider range of discourses about childcare.

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From Defamilialization to Degenderization: Toward a New Welfare Typology¹

Cited by 169 publications

References 39 publications

Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

The Indirect Future Influence of the EU on Post‐communist Family Policy

Public maternalism in the Czech Republic and Hungary

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From Defamilialization to Degenderization: Toward a New Welfare Typology1

Cited by 169 publications

References 39 publications

Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity

The Indirect Future Influence of the EU on Post‐communist Family Policy

Public maternalism in the Czech Republic and Hungary

Contact Info

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Resources

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From Defamilialization to Degenderization: Toward a New Welfare Typology¹