“…A large thermal hysteresis and coexistence of R3m, R3c and P bam phases result from dielectric and pyroelectric measurements on PZT with x (Ti) = 0.05 25 and with Raman scattering in Nb-doped PZT with x ≤ 0.03, 26 while TEM observations 27,28 provide additional information on the local octahedral tilting, and are consistent with the idea that the R3m phase at low x is already tilted, though with a disordered or incommensurate pattern. The nucleation of the AFE phase has been followed also directly with a polarized microscope, 29 finding that its athermal character in pure PbZrO 3 , namely independent of thermal fluctuations and hence unchanged under stationary conditions, is changed by the Ti substitution into strongly isothermal, where the evolution can slowly proceed at constant temperature. 29 Codoping with La and Li on the Pb site adds new possible mechanisms of aging on longer time scales, related to the cation distribution, and the resulting changes at the atomic level have been followed through the evolution of the profiles of the x-ray diffraction peaks.…”