From Crescent to Mature Virion: Vaccinia Virus Assembly  and Maturation

Liu, Liang; Cooper, Thomas J.; Howley, Paul M.; Hayball, John D.

doi:10.3390/v6103787

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…These microscopy methods could also be employed to help understand currently unknown mechanisms in past and rising health threats such as pox viruses (e.g., smallpox and vaccinia), coronaviruses (e.g., SARS), and filoviruses (e.g., Ebola and Marburg viruses). There are at least six membrane proteins known to be associated with the currently unclear process of virion formation in the vaccinia virus ( Liu, Cooper, Howley, & Hayball, 2014 ). In filoviruses, the proteins responsible for viral assembly and virion production have been identified, but the mechanisms of interaction with the host cell remain unclear ( Stahelin, 2014 ).…”

Section: Biological Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dances with Membranes: Breakthroughs from Super-resolution Imaging

Curthoys

Parent

Mlodzianoski

et al. 2015

Current Topics in Membranes

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Biological membrane organization mediates numerous cellular functions and has also been connected with an immense number of human diseases. However, until recently, experimental methodologies have been unable to directly visualize the nanoscale details of biological membranes, particularly in intact living cells. Numerous models explaining membrane organization have been proposed, but testing those models has required indirect methods; the desire to directly image proteins and lipids in living cell membranes is a strong motivation for the advancement of technology. The development of super-resolution microscopy has provided powerful tools for quantification of membrane organization at the level of individual proteins and lipids, and many of these tools are compatible with living cells. Previously inaccessible questions are now being addressed, and the field of membrane biology is developing rapidly. This chapter discusses how the development of super-resolution microscopy has led to fundamental advances in the field of biological membrane organization. We summarize the history and some models explaining how proteins are organized in cell membranes, and give an overview of various super-resolution techniques and methods of quantifying super-resolution data. We discuss the application of super-resolution techniques to membrane biology in general, and also with specific reference to the fields of actin and actin-binding proteins, virus infection, mitochondria, immune cell biology, and phosphoinositide signaling. Finally, we present our hopes and expectations for the future of super-resolution microscopy in the field of membrane biology.

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Section: Biological Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dances with Membranes: Breakthroughs from Super-resolution Imaging

Curthoys

Parent

Mlodzianoski

et al. 2015

Current Topics in Membranes

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“…Although the main features of morphogenesis are similar in all poxviruses, most research has been carried out with vaccinia virus (VACV). Several broad reviews of poxvirus structure and morphogenesis are available (Condit et al, 2006; Liu et al, 2014; Moss, 2013a; Roberts and Smith, 2008). …”

Section: Brief Introduction To Poxvirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poxvirus membrane biogenesis

Moss

2015

Virology

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Poxviruses differ from most DNA viruses by replicating entirely within the cytoplasm. The first discernible viral structures are crescents and spherical immature virions containing a single lipoprotein membrane bilayer with an external honeycomb lattice. Because this viral membrane displays no obvious continuity with a cellular organelle, a de novo origin was suggested. Nevertheless, transient connections between viral and cellular membranes could be difficult to resolve. Despite the absence of direct evidence, the intermediate compartment (ERGIC) between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus and the ER itself were considered possible sources of crescent membranes. A break-through in understanding poxvirus membrane biogenesis has come from recent studies of the abortive replication of several vaccinia virus null mutants. Novel images showing continuity between viral crescents and the ER and the accumulation of immature virions in the expanded ER lumen provide the first direct evidence for a cellular origin of this poxvirus membrane.

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“…Cells infected by VACV produce multiple structurally distinct forms of infectious virion [reviewed in 3 , 4 ]. The first assembles and matures within cytoplasmic viral factories [ 5 ], to form DNA-containing protein cores surrounded by a single lipid membrane [ 6 , 7 ] called intracellular mature virus (IMV) or mature virus (MV). Some IMVs are then wrapped by membranes derived from the trans-Golgi network or early-endosomes [reviewed in 4 ] to form the triple enveloped virion called intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) or wrapped virus (WV).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinia Virus Protein Complex F12/E2 Interacts with Kinesin Light Chain Isoform 2 to Engage the Kinesin-1 Motor Complex

et al. 2015

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During vaccinia virus morphogenesis, intracellular mature virus (IMV) particles are wrapped by a double lipid bilayer to form triple enveloped virions called intracellular enveloped virus (IEV). IEV are then transported to the cell surface where the outer IEV membrane fuses with the cell membrane to expose a double enveloped virion outside the cell. The F12, E2 and A36 proteins are involved in transport of IEVs to the cell surface. Deletion of the F12L or E2L genes causes a severe inhibition of IEV transport and a tiny plaque size. Deletion of the A36R gene leads to a smaller reduction in plaque size and less severe inhibition of IEV egress. The A36 protein is present in the outer membrane of IEVs, and over-expressed fragments of this protein interact with kinesin light chain (KLC). However, no interaction of F12 or E2 with the kinesin complex has been reported hitherto. Here the F12/E2 complex is shown to associate with kinesin-1 through an interaction of E2 with the C-terminal tail of KLC isoform 2, which varies considerably between different KLC isoforms. siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLC isoform 1 increased IEV transport to the cell surface and virus plaque size, suggesting interaction with KLC isoform 1 is somehow inhibitory of IEV transport. In contrast, knockdown of KLC isoform 2 did not affect IEV egress or plaque formation, indicating redundancy in virion egress pathways. Lastly, the enhancement of plaque size resulting from loss of KLC isoform 1 was abrogated by removal of KLC isoforms 1 and 2 simultaneously. These observations suggest redundancy in the mechanisms used for IEV egress, with involvement of KLC isoforms 1 and 2, and provide evidence of interaction of F12/E2 complex with the kinesin-1 complex.

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From Crescent to Mature Virion: Vaccinia Virus Assembly and Maturation

Cited by 52 publications

References 127 publications

Dances with Membranes: Breakthroughs from Super-resolution Imaging

Dances with Membranes: Breakthroughs from Super-resolution Imaging

Poxvirus membrane biogenesis

Vaccinia Virus Protein Complex F12/E2 Interacts with Kinesin Light Chain Isoform 2 to Engage the Kinesin-1 Motor Complex

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