From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection

Eichenbaum, Howard; Cohen, Neal J.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.001.0001

Cited by 638 publications

(762 citation statements)

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“…Their subsequent retrieval entails recreation of the pattern of neural activity that gave rise to the event in the first place. Each of these steps is elaborated below (see Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001;Kandel & Squire, 2000;Manns & Eichenbaum, 2006;Nadel, Samsonovich, Ryan, & Moscovitch, 2000;Rubin, 2005Rubin, , 2006Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011;Zola & Squire, 2000; for reviews of these processes).…”

Section: Processes Involved In the Formation Of Memory Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Section: Processes Involved In the Formation Of Memory Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Recent decades have seen this unitary approach to memory fragment into the categorization of multiple types of memory, typically with separable neural substrates for each (e.g. Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001;Nadel & Moscovitch, 1997;Tulving & Schacter, 1991). One of the most fruitful of these distinctions has been that of episodic memory.…”

Section: Episodic Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A great deal of data from neuropsychology (e.g. Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001;Scoville & Milner, 1957;Squire, 1992) and functional imaging (e.g. Fernandez, Effern, Grunwald, et al, 1999;Stern, Corkin, Gonzalez, et al, 1996;Wagner et al, 1998) has converged on the idea that the MTL is important in learning and memory.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Temporal Context Model in Spatial Navigation and Relational Learning: Toward a Common Explanation of Medial Temporal Lobe Function Across Domains.

Howard¹,

Fotedar²,

Datey³

et al. 2005

Psychological Review

272

334

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The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been studied extensively at all levels of analysis, yet its function remains unclear. Theory regarding the cognitive function of the MTL has centered along 3 themes. Different authors have emphasized the role of the MTL in episodic recall, spatial navigation, or relational memory. Starting with the temporal context model (M. W. Howard and M. J. , a distributed memory model that has been applied to benchmark data from episodic recall tasks, the authors propose that the entorhinal cortex supports a gradually changing representation of temporal context and the hippocampus proper enables retrieval of these contextual states. Simulation studies show this hypothesis explains the firing of place cells in the entorhinal cortex and the behavioral effects of hippocampal lesion in relational memory tasks. These results constitute a first step towards a unified computational theory of MTL function that integrates neurophysiological, neuropsychological and cognitive findings.The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is a region that includes the hippocampus proper, the subicular complex and parahippocampal cortical regions, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal/postrhinal cortices. A great deal of data from neuropsychology (e.g. Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001;Scoville & Milner, 1957;Squire, 1992) and functional imaging (e.g. Fernandez, Effern, Grunwald, et al., 1999;Stern, Corkin, Gonzalez, et al., 1996;Wagner et al., 1998) has converged on the idea that the MTL is important in learning and memory. In order to bridge the gap between cognition and cellular-level physiology, we need a mechanistic, mesoscopic description of MTL computational function. We already have several successful verbally-formulated theories of the cognitive function of the MTL. These are described in turn in the following subsections. This paper will attempt to draw these multiple verbal theories together into a single computational framework that is consistent with known neurophysiological and neuroanatomical data.

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“…The present study is unique in that we used data from the Poverty and Health in Aging (PHA) project (Kabir et al, 2006) in Bangladesh (a low-income country) to study the structure of individual differences in cognition, mainly long-term declarative memory. At present, the dominant view is that our memory is organized in different forms, interacting with one another, but with separate features (e.g., Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001;Schacter, Wagner, & Buckner, 2000;Squire, Stark, & Clark, 2004). The view proposed by Schacter and Tulving (1994) includes five memory systems: working memory, procedural memory, the perceptual representation system, episodic memory, and semantic memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Context but Similar Cognitive Structures: Older Adults in Rural Bangladesh

Sternäng

Lövdén

Kabir

et al. 2016

J Cross Cult Gerontol

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Most research in cognitive aging is based on literate participants from high-income and Western populations. The extent to which findings generalize to low-income and illiterate populations is unknown. The main aim was to examine the structure of between-person differences in cognitive functions among elderly from rural Bangladesh. We used data from the Poverty and Health in Aging (PHA) project in Bangladesh. The participants (n = 452) were in the age range 60-92 years. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the fit of a five-factor model (episodic recall, episodic recognition, verbal fluency, semantic knowledge, processing speed) and to examine whether the model generalized across age, sex, and literacy. This study demonstrates that an established model of cognition is valid also among older persons from rural Bangladesh. The model demonstrated strong (or scalar) invariance for age, and partial strong invariance for sex and literacy. Semantic knowledge and processing speed showed weak (or metric) sex invariance, and semantic knowledge demonstrated also sensitivity to illiteracy. In general, women performed poorer on all abilities.The structure of individual cognitive differences established in Western populations also fits a population in rural Bangladesh well. This is an important prerequisite for comparisons of cognitive functioning (e.g. declarative memory) across cultures. It is also worth noting that absolute sex differences in cognitive performance among rural elderly in Bangladesh differ from those usually found in Western samples.

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From Conditioning to Conscious Recollection

Cited by 638 publications

References 0 publications

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

The Temporal Context Model in Spatial Navigation and Relational Learning: Toward a Common Explanation of Medial Temporal Lobe Function Across Domains.

Different Context but Similar Cognitive Structures: Older Adults in Rural Bangladesh

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