From coin cells to 400 mAh pouch cells: Enhancing performance of high-capacity lithium-ion cells via modifications in electrode constitution and fabrication

Trask, Stephen E.; Li, Yan; Kubal, Joseph; Bettge, Martin; Polzin, Bryant J.; Zhu, Ye; Jansen, Andrew N.; Abraham, Daniel P.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.077

Cited by 56 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…More details on assembly have been reported elsewhere. 19 An electrolyte volume to pore volume ratio of approximately 5 was used for each pouch cell. The pore volume used in this ratio is the sum of the calculated pore volumes of the negative and positive electrodes after calendering, and the pore volume of the whole separator piece used in the cell (not just the section between the electrodes).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Gallagher

Trask

Bauer

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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515

449

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Increasing the areal capacity or electrode thickness in lithium ion batteries is one possible means to increase pack level energy density while simultaneously lowering cost. The physics that limit use of high areal capacity as a function of battery power to energy ratio are poorly understood and thus most currently produced automotive lithium ion cells utilize modest loadings to ensure long life over the vehicle battery operation. Here we show electrolyte transport limits the utilization of the positive electrode at critical C-rates during discharge; whereas, a combination of electrolyte transport and polarization lead to lithium plating in the graphite electrode during charge. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions based on concentrated solution and porous electrode theories. An analytical expression is derived to provide design criteria for long lived operation based on the physical properties of the electrode and electrolyte. Finally, a guideline is proposed that graphite cells should avoid charge current densities near or above 4 mA/cm 2 unless additional precautions have been made to avoid deleterious side reaction. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are currently being used as the primary energy storage device in hybrid, plug-in, and all electric vehicles. This commercialization has been possible only by leveraging decades of previous scientific and engineering advances on materials, electrodes, and cell development. However, interactions in this complex system are still not fully understood. Automotive grade battery cells are required to fulfill a variety of optimization criteria in order to meet customer expectations and enable highly functional, robust and competitive products. In Fig. 1, key cell level criteria are shown for available technology as well as future development goals. Many of these values are highly influential on each other. In order to optimize one of the criteria it is always necessary to critically evaluate the impact on others. Key goals are to increase vehicle range and decrease cost at the same time. Minimizing the fraction of non-active material is an intuitive path to achieve these goals; however, the cell power and rate capability must simultaneously be maintained. [1][2][3] To derive clear development goals, the high level targets can be broken down to specific component requirements on the different levels of a storage system. 1,4 In Fig. 2, an analysis is shown for a state of the art prismatic hard-case automotive cell format. A battery level specific energy of ∼225 Wh/kg is widely accepted to be a critical value for sustainable implementation of long range electric vehicles. It represents a useful ratio between vehicle weight and range. In order to achieve this high specific energy, all subcomponents of the storage system have to meet demanding requirements as well. On the cell level, large format cells are favorable as they reduce the amount of cell housing needed per cell volume. Prismatic cell formats have a positive influence on the packing densi...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Gallagher

Trask

Bauer

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

515

449

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…All results are based on measurements on pouch cells (Gustafsson et al, 1992;Yu et al, 2006;Mohanty et al, 2013;Lv et al, 2018), also known as coffee bag cells (Singh et al, 2015), their flexible design allows the straightforward sealing of current collector window (Villevieille, 2015), as is also described in Zhang et al (2014). Also pouch cell type constructions are common practice in industrial applications (Trask et al, 2014). Moreover reducing the amount of material is advisable as neutron activation can lead to samples emitting hazardous radiation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Verhallen

Wagemaker

2018

Front. Energy Res.

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Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) allows determination of the spatial distribution of specific isotopes, via neutron capture reactions. In a capture reaction charged particles with fixed kinetic energy are formed, where their energy loss through the material of interest can be used to provide the depth of the original isotope. As lithium-6 has a relatively large probability for such a capture reaction, it can be used by battery scientists to study the lithium concentration in the electrodes even during battery operation. The selective measurement of the 6 Li isotope makes it a direct and sensitive technique, whereas the penetrative character of the neutrons allows practical battery pouch cells to be studied. Using NDP lithium diffusion and reaction rates can be studied operando as a function of depth, opening a large range of opportunities including the study of alloying reactions, metal plating, and (de) intercalation in insertion hosts. In the study of high rate cycling of intercalation materials the relatively low Li density challenges counting statistics while the limited change in electrode density due to the Li-ion insertion and extraction allows straightforward determination of the Li density as a function of electrode depth. If an electrode can be (dis)charged reversibly, data can be acquired and accumulated over multiple cycles to increase the time resolution. For Li metal plating and alloying reactions, the large lithium density allows good time resolution, however the large change of the electrode composition and density makes extracting the Li-density as a function of depth more challenging. Here an effective method is presented, using calibration measurements of the individual components, based on which the ratio of the components as a function of depth can be determined as well as the total Li-density. The same principles can be applied to insertion host materials, where the differences in density due to electrolyte infiltration yield the electrode porosity as a function of depth. This is of particular importance for battery electrodes where porosity has a direct influence on the energy density and charge transport.

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“…24 These stack-type cells consist of two manually-aligned electrode layers (one single-sided positive and one single-sided negative electrode) separated by a single sheet of Celgard 2325 (PP/PE/PP) separator. The electrodes are dried overnight at 120…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Full Cells Containing Carbonate-Based LiFSI Electrolytes and Silicon-Graphite Negative Electrodes

Trask

Pupek

Gilbert

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The energy density of lithium-ion cells can be significantly increased by the use of silicon-containing negative electrodes. However, the long-term performance of these cells is limited by the stability of the silicon electrode-electrolyte interface, which is continually disrupted during electrochemical cycling. Therefore, the development of electrolyte systems that enhance the stability of this interface is a critical need. In this article, we examine the cycling of ∼20 mAh pouch cells with lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)-containing carbonate-based electrolytes, silicon-graphite negative electrodes, and Li 1.03 (Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 ) 0.97 O 2 based positive electrodes. The effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) addition on cell performance is also examined and compared to the performance of our baseline LiPF 6 -containing cells. Our data show that cells containing only LiFSI show rapid loss of capacity, whereas additions of FEC and VC significantly improve cell capacity retention. Furthermore, the performance of LiFSI-FEC and LiPF 6 -FEC cells are very similar indicating that the electrolyte salts play a much smaller role in performance degradation than the electrolyte solvent. Future efforts to enhance longevity of cells with silicon-graphite negative electrodes will thereby focus on developing alternative solvent systems. The ever-increasing demand for high energy density lithium-ion cells has led to a resurgence of interest in silicon-based negative electrodes.1-4 Unlike conventional graphite-based negative electrodes which have a theoretical capacity of 372 mAh/g-graphite, siliconbased negative electrodes can deliver capacities up to 3579 mAh/gsilicon, thus making possible the development of thinner, highercapacity electrodes. However, the commercialization of silicon anodes has been limited by factors that include the following: (a) the relatively large amounts of conduction additives required to ensure good interparticle electric conductivity because of silicon's semi-conducting nature; (b) the large volume expansion/contraction resulting from silicon lithiation/delithiation processes leading to excessive cracking and delamination from the current collector; (c) the development of binder-systems that can maintain cohesion between the coating components and adhesion to the current collector during electrochemical cycling; (d) the excessive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the electrodes that irreversibly trap lithium leading to rapid capacity fade. 1In order to improve the performance of silicon-based negative electrodes, researchers have developed various strategies that include the following: (a) nanosizing the silicon particles, whereby the spaces between the particles can accommodate the volume expansion of individual particles; the use of nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes have been shown to significantly improve cyclability; 5-7 (b) using non-traditional binders including water soluble polymers, such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), carboxymethyl ...

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From coin cells to 400 mAh pouch cells: Enhancing performance of high-capacity lithium-ion cells via modifications in electrode constitution and fabrication

Cited by 56 publications

References 28 publications

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Operando Neutron Depth Profiling to Determine the Spatial Distribution of Li in Li-ion Batteries

Performance of Full Cells Containing Carbonate-Based LiFSI Electrolytes and Silicon-Graphite Negative Electrodes

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