From classical water-ecosystem theories to nature-based solutions — Contextualizing nature-based solutions for sustainable city

Key Enablers of and Barriers to the Uptake and Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Settings: A Review

“…The EC's phrase "actions inspired by, supported by or copied from nature", a key element of their NBS definition [7], has added to the confusion. Krauze and Wagner [37] attempted to clarify this phrase from the perspective of ecohydrology, by describing the notion of 'mimicking nature' as "introducing biophysical structures into blue-green infrastructure and urban-green infrastructure", and 'manipulating nature' as the "introduction of agents external to the indigenous system". In addition, Krauze and Wagner [37] classified NBS based on city management zones.…”

“…Krauze and Wagner [37] attempted to clarify this phrase from the perspective of ecohydrology, by describing the notion of 'mimicking nature' as "introducing biophysical structures into blue-green infrastructure and urban-green infrastructure", and 'manipulating nature' as the "introduction of agents external to the indigenous system". In addition, Krauze and Wagner [37] classified NBS based on city management zones. According to this framework, the role of NBS changes from preserving nature to enabling nature as the location of NBS moves from outer parts of the cities toward the city center.…”

“…According to this framework, the role of NBS changes from preserving nature to enabling nature as the location of NBS moves from outer parts of the cities toward the city center. By combining the NBS typology of Eggermont et al [9] with Krauze and Wagner's [37] framework, one can argue that the shift from type 1 to type 3 of NBS converges with a decreasing emphasis on the 'natural' character of the urban environment and an increasing emphasis on the proximity of NBS to the city center ( Figure 2). This is not to say that type 1 NBS cannot be found in the inner parts of a city, but the general pattern observed is that the level of managerial intervention required in NBS increases when moving (closer) to the center of an urban area.…”

“…As innovations dealing with complex social-ecological systems, NBS are characterized by multiple uncertainties [8]. The lack of comprehensive information regarding the creation, implementation and management of NBS as well as the dearth of evidence regarding NBS effectiveness across widespread spatial and temporal scales may lead to a great deal of uncertainty, particularly among the public [37], or even invoke conflict among actors [22,35]. The body of knowledge regarding NBS has remained largely academic [52], with limited diffusion which has negatively affected the level of acceptance of NBS by the public [16,22].…”

A review of nature-based solutions for urban water management in European circular cities: a critical assessment based on case studies and literature

“…(2015),Lafortezza et al (2018),Krauze & Wagner (2019) andKeesstra et al (2018), describe NBS with multifunctional targets and affecting the water-energy-food nexus in urban areas. At the European scale, besides the main reports from the EC (2013, 2015), recent studies have analysed NBS applications in urban environments: Faivre et al(2017) focus on NBS to address social, economic and environmental challenges in EU areas; Kabisch et al (2016) review NBS for climate change adaptation in urban areas; Nikolaidis et al (2017) study new approaches to improve regulatory instruments and demonstrate the long-term value of NBS; Raymond et al (2017a) develop a framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of NBS in urban areas; Russo et al (2017) review NBS based on edible GI for better management of the water-energy-food nexus; and the reports from the Naturvation project…”