From Classical to Semi-Quantum Secure Communication

Gagliano, Allison; Krawec, Walter O.; Iqbal, Hasan

doi:10.1109/isit.2019.8849295

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In [24], it was shown that A need only measure in the X basis and send three states. In [25], it was shown that A needed only to prepare two states, a |0 and a state |a where | 0|a | ∈ (0, 1) while only measuring using a three outcome POVM. This last paper provided an SQKD protocol that could smoothly transition from classical communication to (semi) quantum communication and proposed a method of measuring the affects this transition has on secure communication rates.…”

Section: Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proof Comments Tolerance Reference BKM07 [7] 11% [60] Single State by Zou et al, [15] 9.65% [71] Reflection-Based [16] 5.36% [64] Semi-Quantum B92 [20] 3.46% [20] Single-A-Measurement [24] 11% [24] MM Required Classical-to-Quantum [25] < 1% [25] MM Required; Noise tolerance depends on distance from classical. High-Noise-SQKD M2 [31] 16.4% [31] High-Noise-SQKD M3 [31] 26% [31] High-Dimensional SQKD [39] 30% [39] Noise tolerance increases to 30% as dimension approaches infinity Table 2: Showing state of the art best noise tolerances for those SQKD protocols which have this analysis performed.…”

Section: Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Chooses Randomly Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One candidate was proposed in [25], but it is not clear that it is secure. While it was shown to be secure against a single Intercept/Resend attack in [25], beyond this no proof of security (or insecurity) exists. Since single-state with two basis measurement protocols exist [15,16,20,21], and since three state, one basis measurement protocols exist [24], a two-state, one basis measurement protocol would be an interesting development in SQKD research and represent the minimal resource requirements on the part of the quantum user, in a point-to-point SQKD system (there are other models of semi-quantum communication involving third parties which are outside of this question's scope and which we discuss later).…”

Section: B Chooses Randomly Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that we did not ask the question in regards to any semi-quantum protocol. In fact, it was shown in [24,25] that for some SQKD protocols (specifically the two developed in those references), mismatched measurements are necessary to attain any level of security. That is, without mismatched measurements, there are semi-quantum protocols that are completely insecure.…”

Section: Mismatched Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all powerful adversary. This is a task impossible to achieve through classical communication only; indeed, to distribute a secret key through classical means requires one to assume computationally bounded adversaries. If, however, both parties are "quantum capable" then security may be attained assuming only that the adversary must obey the laws of physics. But "how quantum" must a protocol actually be to gain this advantage over classical communication? This is one of the questions semi-quantum cryptography seeks to answer.Semi-quantum communication, a model introduced in 2007 by M. Boyer, D. Kenigsberg, and T. Mor (PRL 99 140501), involves the use of fully-quantum users and semiquantum, or "classical" users. These classical users are only allowed to interact with the quantum channel in a limited, classical manner. Originally introduced to study the key-distribution problem, semi-quantum research has since expanded, and continues to grow, with new protocols, security proof methods, experimental implementations, and new cryptographic applications beyond key distribution. Research in the field of semi-quantum cryptography requires new insights into working with restricted protocols and, so, the tools and techniques derived in this field can translate to results in broader quantum information science. Furthermore, other questions such as the connection between quantum and classical processing, including how classical information processing can be used to counteract a quantum deficiency in a protocol, can shed light on important theoretical questions.This work surveys the history and current state-of-the-art in semi-quantum research. We discuss the model and several protocols offering the reader insight into how protocols are constructed in this realm. We discuss security proof methods and how classical post-processing can be used to counteract users' inability to perform certain quantum operations. Moving beyond key distribution, we survey current work in other * semi-quantum cryptographic protocols and current trends. We also survey recent work done in attempting to construct practical semi-quantum systems including recent experimental results in this field. Finally, as this is still a growing field, we highlight, throughout this survey, several open problems that we feel are important to investigate in the hopes that this will spur even more research in this topic.

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Section: Usersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Chooses Randomly Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Chooses Randomly Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mismatched Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semi-quantum cryptography

Iqbal

Krawec

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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Proving the Security of Mediated Semi‐Quantum Key Distribution Using Entropic Uncertainty Relation

Du,

Yang,

Ning

et al. 2024

Adv Quantum Tech

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In recent years, mediated semi‐quantum key distribution (MSQKD) has become a hot topic in quantum cryptography. In this study, the original MSQKD protocol is revisited and a new scheme for proving security based on information theory is developed. At first, a new bound on the key rate of the protocol is derived using an entropic uncertainty relation, thus proving the unconditional security of the protocol. In addition, in the asymptotic scenario, a higher noise tolerance that improves the previous results is found. The legitimate communicating parties have to abort the protocol when they observe the error rate is larger than the noise tolerance. Furthermore, the security of a single‐state MSQKD protocol and a single‐state semi‐quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol is proven using a similar scheme.

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From Classical to Semi-Quantum Secure Communication

Cited by 2 publications

References 18 publications

Semi-quantum cryptography

Semi-quantum cryptography

Proving the Security of Mediated Semi‐Quantum Key Distribution Using Entropic Uncertainty Relation

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