From Bonded Laborers to Educated Citizens? Immigration, Labor Markets, and Human Capital in São Paulo, Brazil (1820-2010)

Abstract

content/incomegini-coefficient, idem. Data from 2013. 12 The poverty line for 2010 was set at BRL 4.7/day (equivalent to U$2.65/day in nominal exchange rates averaged monthly for 2010). The vulnerability line was set at BRL 8.5/day (U$4.83/day). 13 Atlas de Desenvolvimento Humano, a program by UNDP, IPEA and Fundação João Pinheiro to calculate HDI for Brazilian municipalities (http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br, idem). Unless otherwise indicated, data from 2010. 14 Levy (1974, Appendix Tables 3 and 8). 15 Throughout the thesis, the term "Brazilian historiography" refers to all historiographical production focused on Brazil, independently of the nationality of the researcher.