From Alexa to Siri and the GDPR: The gendering of Virtual Personal Assistants and the role of Data Protection Impact Assessments

Loideáin, Nóra Ní; Adams, Rachel

doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105366

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…It was shown that Alexa, in testing, correctly interpreted 68.9% of 572,319 words; 24 of these words were misinterpreted consistently, and when used by a malicious skill could be used to confuse genuine skills, thus providing a reliable, repeatable remote attack vector. In [ 27 ], Kennedy et al demonstrated a particularly advanced form of an exploit that uses machine learning to derive patterns or ‘fingerprints’ and compares them with encrypted traffic between the VA and the server. Certain voice commands could be inferred from the encrypted traffic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Security and Privacy Challenges of Virtual Assistants

Bolton

Dargahi

Belguith

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Since the purchase of Siri by Apple, and its release with the iPhone 4S in 2011, virtual assistants (VAs) have grown in number and popularity. The sophisticated natural language processing and speech recognition employed by VAs enables users to interact with them conversationally, almost as they would with another human. To service user voice requests, VAs transmit large amounts of data to their vendors; these data are processed and stored in the Cloud. The potential data security and privacy issues involved in this process provided the motivation to examine the current state of the art in VA research. In this study, we identify peer-reviewed literature that focuses on security and privacy concerns surrounding these assistants, including current trends in addressing how voice assistants are vulnerable to malicious attacks and worries that the VA is recording without the user’s knowledge or consent. The findings show that not only are these worries manifold, but there is a gap in the current state of the art, and no current literature reviews on the topic exist. This review sheds light on future research directions, such as providing solutions to perform voice authentication without an external device, and the compliance of VAs with privacy regulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Security and Privacy Challenges of Virtual Assistants

Bolton

Dargahi

Belguith

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The concept of AI was introduced following the creation of the notion of digital computing machine in an attempt to ascertain whether a machine is able to 'think' [1], or if the machine can carry out humans' tasks [13]. AI is vast domain of Information and Computer Technologies (ICT in further text), which aims at designing systems that can operate autonomously, analogous to the individuals' decision making process [14].In terms of AI, a machine may learn from experience through processing immeasurable quantity of data, while distinguishing patterns in it, as in the case of Siri [15] and image recognition [16], technologies based on Machine Learning that is a subtheme of AI, de-fined as intelligent systems with the capacity to think and learn [1].…”

Section: Literature Trends: Ai and Systems Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Is the case of the ethical / legal legitimacy of publishing open source dual-purpose machine learning algorithms [18], the needed legislated framework comprising regulatory agencies and representatives of all stakeholder groups gathered around AI [68], the gendering issue of VPAs as female (e.g. Siri) as replicate normative assumptions about the potential role of women as secondary to men [15], the need of inclusion of communities to uphold its own Code [35]and the need to improve the legal position of people and children in particular that are exposed to AI mediated risk profiling practices [7,69].…”

Section: Ai Social Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of Artificial Intelligence on Data System Security: A Literature Review

Rosário¹,

Raimundo²

2021

Preprint

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Diverse forms of artificial intelligence (AI in further text) are at the forefront of triggering digital security innovations, based on the threats that are arising in this post COVID world. On the one hand, companies are experiencing difficulty in dealing with security challenges with regard to a variety of issues ranging from system openness, decision making, quality control and web domain, just to mention a few. On the other hand, in the last decade, research has focused on security capabilities based on tools such as platform complacency, intelligent trees, modeling methods and outage management systems, in an effort to understanding the interplay between AI and those issues. The dependence on the emergence of AI in running industries and shaping the education, transports and health sectors is now well known in literature. AI is increasingly employed in managing data security across economic sectors. Thus, a literature review of AI and system secu-rity within the current digital society is opportune. This paper aims at identifying research trends in the field through a Systematic Bibliometric Literature Review (LRSB) of research on AI and system security. The review entails 77 articles published in Scopus® database, presenting up-to-date knowledge on the topic. The LRSB results were synthesized across current research subthemes. Findings are presented. The originality of the paper relies on its LRSB method, together with extant review of articles that have not been categorized so far. Implications for future re-search are suggested.

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“…Taking this further, findings from UNESCO (2019) and Loideain and Adams (2019) around the almost exclusive and default use of female voices in VPAs suggests this may be reinforcing negative stereo types about women or even contributing to a gender gap in digital skills. Collectively, examples such as this build in impact and contribute to a lack of diversity of experience in the tech sector ( Eaves, 2020 ).…”

Section: The Six Genres Of Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualising technology, its development and future: The six genres of technology

Harwood

Eaves

2020

Technological Forecasting and Social Change

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Highlights Forecasting the long-term development of technology is challenging. The six Genres offers a parsimonious framework to examine future developments. This examines various configurations of human – artefact relationships. It identifies autonomy, intelligence, language, and autopoiesis as key features. The sixth genre is established as Interconnected, autopoietic, technological beings.

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From Alexa to Siri and the GDPR: The gendering of Virtual Personal Assistants and the role of Data Protection Impact Assessments

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

On the Security and Privacy Challenges of Virtual Assistants

On the Security and Privacy Challenges of Virtual Assistants

The impact of Artificial Intelligence on Data System Security: A Literature Review

Conceptualising technology, its development and future: The six genres of technology

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