From a comb to a tree: phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes

Arnedo, Miquel A.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Gillespie, Rosemary G.

doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00261-6

Cited by 136 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…After analysis of the original data, we performed the same analyses with variation due to phylogenetic relatedness removed using independent contrasts (CAIC; Purvis and Rambaut 1995). Phylogenetic relationships (with branch lengths always set equal) for the Gerridae (Andersen 1997;Damgaard et al 2000) and spiders (Coddington and Levi 1991;Griswold et al 1999;Hormiga et al 2000;Arnedo et al 2004) were extracted from published sources; those for the Drosophilidae, Sepsidae, and Lepidoptera stem from our own unpublished work (K. van der Linde, R. Meier, and S. Nylin, respectively); the rest were extracted from the Tree of Life Web site, http:// tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html. The phylogenies used are available upon request from W. U. Blanckenhorn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximate Causes of Rensch’s Rule: Does Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arthropods Result from Sex Differences in Development Time?

Blanckenhorn¹,

Dixon²,

Fairbairn³

et al. 2007

The American Naturalist

231

134

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A prominent interspecific pattern of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is Rensch's rule, according to which male body size is more variable or evolutionarily divergent than female body size. Assuming equal growth rates of males and females, SSD would be entirely mediated, and Rensch's rule proximately caused, by sexual differences in development times, or sexual bimaturism (SBM), with the larger sex developing for a proportionately longer time. Only a subset of the seven arthropod groups investigated in this study exhibits Rensch's rule. Furthermore, we found only a weak positive relationship between SSD and SBM overall, suggesting that growth rate differences between the sexes are more important than development time differences in proximately mediating SSD in a wide but by no means comprehensive range of arthropod taxa. Except when protandry is of selective advantage (as in many butterflies, Hymenoptera, and spiders), male development time was equal to (in water striders and beetles) or even longer than (in drosophilid and sepsid flies) that of females. Because all taxa show female-biased SSD, this implies faster growth of females in general, a pattern markedly different from that of primates and birds (analyzed here for comparison). We discuss three potential explanations for this pattern based on life-history trade-offs and sexual selection. Online enhancement: appendix table.abstract: A prominent interspecific pattern of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is Rensch's rule, according to which male body size is more variable or evolutionarily divergent than female body size. As-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximate Causes of Rensch’s Rule: Does Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arthropods Result from Sex Differences in Development Time?

Blanckenhorn¹,

Dixon²,

Fairbairn³

et al. 2007

The American Naturalist

231

134

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“…Five loci were used in previous studies of spider phylogeny (29,64,65). However, our study includes a new marker for spider systematics, wingless gene (wnt1), that we obtained by modifying lepidopteran primers (66) to match spider cDNA sequences (Cupiennius (67) and Achaearanea GenBank accession no.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular data are used almost exclusively at the species/genus level (24)(25)(26)(27) or within families (28)(29)(30)(31)(32). However, DNA has proven useful for groups of orbicularian spiders, including the biogeography of Hawaiian tetragnathid and linyphiid species (33,34), relationships among cobweb weaving genera (29,35), and relationships among micropholcommatids (36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era

Blackledge

Scharff

Coddington

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

334

368

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The evolutionary diversification of spiders is attributed to spectacular innovations in silk. Spiders are unique in synthesizing many different kinds of silk, and using silk for a variety of ecological functions throughout their lives, particularly to make preycatching webs. Here, we construct a broad higher-level phylogeny of spiders combining molecular data with traditional morphological and behavioral characters. We use this phylogeny to test the hypothesis that the spider orb web evolved only once. We then examine spider diversification in relation to different web architectures and silk use. We find strong support for a single origin of orb webs, implying a major shift in the spinning of capture silk and repeated loss or transformation of orb webs. We show that abandonment of costly cribellate capture silk correlates with the 2 major diversification events in spiders (1). Replacement of cribellate silk by aqueous silk glue may explain the greater diversity of modern orb-weaving spiders (Araneoidea) compared with cribellate orb-weaving spiders (Deinopoidea) (2). Within the ''RTA clade,'' which is the sister group to orb-weaving spiders and contains half of all spider diversity, >90% of species richness is associated with repeated loss of cribellate silk and abandonment of prey capture webs. Accompanying cribellum loss in both groups is a release from substrate-constrained webs, whether by aerially suspended webs, or by abandoning webs altogether. These behavioral shifts in silk and web production by spiders thus likely played a key role in the dramatic evolutionary success and ecological dominance of spiders as predators of insects.Araneidae ͉ behavioral evolution ͉ cribellate silk ͉ orb web ͉ speciation S piders are exceptionally diverse and abundant in terrestrial ecosystems. In contrast to megadiverse orders of insects, evolutionary diversification of spiders is not coupled with major trophic shifts. All spiders are predators of arthropods, and spiders are dominant consumers at intermediate trophic levels (1, 2). Spider diversification is instead linked to key innovations in silk use (3-7). For instance, the araneoid orb web (Fig. 1) with stretchy capture spirals, coated by adhesive viscid silk secretions, provides access to abundant flying insects (3,8). However, many spiders produce cribellate silk, a radically different dry adhesive that adheres to prey, using van der Waals interactions and hygroscopic forces (9). Some cribellate spiders also construct aerial orb webs, whereas most spin sheet-like webs on the substrate (Fig. S1) or have abandoned capture webs altogether. Furthermore, the most diverse families within ''orb-weavers'' (Orbiculariae) no longer build orb webs, but instead spin aerial sheet webs (Linyphiidae) or cobwebs (Theridiidae) (Fig. S2). Thus, discovering the pattern of evolution of web spinning behaviors is essential for understanding spider diversification.Orb webs possessing dry cribellate capture spirals are architecturally similar to those spun from aqueous viscid silk ( Fig. 1 ...

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“…Like Argyrodes species (one of the genus belonging to subfamily Argyrodinae Simon, 1894), species belonging to genus Rhomphaea may live in host webs without constructing any webs of their own, but often they add fine lines between the spirals of an orb-web, and occasionally they live independently, making their own small theridiid webs (Exline & Levi 1962). Prior to Yoshida (2001), the genus Rhomphaea, all species attributed to 'Rhomphaea' group (by Exline & Levi 1962) was treated under Argyrodes (Arnedo et al 2004). Presently as many as 33 extant species belong to this genus (Platnick 2013).…”

Section: Rhomphaea Projiciens Op-cambridge 1896mentioning

confidence: 99%

Additions to the araneofauna of Andhra Pradesh, India - part II. Records of interesting species of the comb-footed genera Latrodectus, Rhomphaea and Coleosoma (Araneae: Theridiidae)

Srinivasulu¹,

Javed²,

Seetharamaraju³

et al. 2013

J. Threat. Taxa

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From a comb to a tree: phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes

Cited by 136 publications

References 72 publications

Proximate Causes of Rensch’s Rule: Does Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arthropods Result from Sex Differences in Development Time?

Proximate Causes of Rensch’s Rule: Does Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arthropods Result from Sex Differences in Development Time?

Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era

Additions to the araneofauna of Andhra Pradesh, India - part II. Records of interesting species of the comb-footed genera Latrodectus, Rhomphaea and Coleosoma (Araneae: Theridiidae)

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