Friendship Similarity During Early Adolescence: Gender and Racial Patterns

Clark, M. L.; Ayers, Marla

doi:10.1080/00223980.1992.10543372

Cited by 95 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Whites" same-ethnic selectivity (e.g., Clark & Ayers, 1992;Howes & Wu, 1990), other studies pointed to White Europeans" cross-ethnic selectivity in ethnically diverse environments (Kawabata & Crick, 2008;Wilson & Rodkin, 2011). More importantly, we found an interaction effect between ethnic group and ethnic diversity.…”

Section: The Effect Of Ethnic Groupsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Most empirical research in the US and Canada has supported the homophily principle and found that children and adolescents usually form friendships with their same-ethnic/race peers, with cross-ethnic friendships being infrequent (e.g., Clark & Ayers, 1992;Jackman & Crane, 1986;Kao & Joyner, 2006;Kawabata & Crick, 2008;Schneider et al, 2007). Similarly, studies in the UK, although scarce, demonstrate high in-group preference of children in their choice of friends and play mates (Boulton & Smith, 1992;Davey & Mullin, 1982;Leman & Lam, 2008).…”

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships and Ethnic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, White children and adolescents are less friendly (Hallinan & Teixeira, 1987), less intimate (Shelton et al, 2010, Stearns, Buchman, & Bonneau, 2009, and give less importance to their cross-ethnic peers (Pica-Smith, 2011) compared to ethnic minorities. Similarly, White majority group members tend to report higher same-ethnic friendship numbers (Clark & Ayers, 1992;Howes & Wu, 1990;Margie, Killen, Sinno, & McGlothlin, 2005;Shrum, Cheek, & Hunter, 1988) and lower levels of diversity in their friendship group compared to ethnic minorities (Fischer, 2008).…”

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships Across Ethnic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Bağcı¹,

Kumashiro²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

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This study examined current cross-ethnic friendship patterns in secondary schools around London, UK, and the effects of ethnic group and ethnic diversity on cross-ethnic friendship selection and quality. Questionnaires including self-report ethnic group definitions and measures of same-/cross-ethnic friendship numbers, along with the quality of 3 best crossethnic friends, were distributed to 684 Year 7 (aged 11) British students (256 White European, 63 Middle Easterner, 118 Black, 247 South Asian) recruited from 9 multi-ethnic secondary schools (37 classrooms) in Greater London. In contrast to most previous research which suggested the relative rarity of cross-ethnic friendships, findings showed that crossethnic friendships were in fact frequent and of high quality, outnumbering same-ethnic friendships for all ethnic groups.After controlling for gender, classroom gender composition, percentage of available same-ethnic peers, ethnic identity and perceived discrimination, classroom ethnic diversity still had a marginally positive effect on cross-ethnic friendship selection, but had no effect on cross-ethnic friendship quality. White British children reported higher cross-ethnic friendship selection and lower cross-ethnic friendship quality compared to other ethnic groups, but this depended on classroom ethnic diversity. Implications of the findings are discussed in the light of intergroup contact and friendship theories. We conclude that research on cross-ethnic friendships is crucial in providing insights into how integration at the social level starts during early childhood in modern multi-ethnic settings like London secondary schools.

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Section: The Effect Of Ethnic Groupsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships and Ethnic Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cross-ethnic Friendships Across Ethnic Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Bağcı¹,

Kumashiro²,

Smith³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

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“…But given little empirical evidence on which to base parent gender hypotheses, our analyses regarding parent gender were strictly exploratory. (Buhrmester & Furman, 1987;Sharabany, Gershoni, & Hofman, 1981) and that girls may be more strongly affected than boys by tensions and strains in their best friendships (Clark & Ayers, 1992); as such, girls may be more influenced by close friendships than boys are. Thus, we hypothesized that girls would benefit more than boys from high-quality friendship relationships overall as well as in the context of qualitatively poor relationships with parents.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment, Friendship, and Psychosocial Functioning in Early Adolescence

Rubin

Dwyer

Booth‐LaForce

et al. 2004

The Journal of Early Adolescence

308

209

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Fifth-graders' (N = 162; 93 girls) relationships with parents and friends were examined with respect to their main and interactive effects on psychosocial functioning. Participants reported on parental support, the quality of their best friendships, self-worth, and perceptions of social competence. Peers reported on aggression, shyness and withdrawal, and rejection and victimization. Mothers reported on psychological adjustment. Perceived parental support and friendship quality predicted higher global self-worth and social competence and less internalizing problems. Perceived parental support predicted fewer externalizing problems, and paternal (not maternal) support predicted lower rejection and victimization. Friendship quality predicted lower rejection and victimization for only girls. Having a supportive mother protected boys from the effects of low-quality friendships on their perceived social competence. High friendship quality buffered the effects of low maternal support on girls' internalizing difficulties.Keywords friendship; parent-child relationships; attachment; social withdrawal; aggression From the earliest years of childhood, children develop significant relationships with family members and, with increasing age, their peers. Over the years, researchers have examined the influence that children's experiences with these relationships may have on their functioning. Links have been established between parent-child relationship quality and adjustment during the pre-, elementary, and middle school years as well as later adolescence (see Rubin & Burgess, 2002, for a relevant review). Likewise, aspects of children's peer relationships and friendships have been associated with psychosocial functioning. Recently, researchers have examined relations between relationship systems and the manner in which experiences in both familial and extrafamilial relationships may interact to influence psychosocial functioning. The focus of this study was on parent-youth adolescent and friendship relationships and whether and how friendships serve to moderate the association between parent-adolescent relationship quality and psychosocial functioning. NIH Public Access An Attachment FrameworkAlthough there are a number of ways in which relationships with parents may influence relationships with friends and psychosocial functioning, our framework in the present study is based on premises drawn from attachment theory. According to attachment theorists, the child who receives responsive and sensitive parenting from the primary caregiver forms an internal working model of that caregiver as trustworthy and dependable when needed and develops a model of the self as someone who is worthy of such care (Bowlby, 1973(Bowlby, , 1982. Through experience with a responsive and sensitive caregiver, the child learns reciprocity in social interactions (Elicker, Englund, & Sroufe, 1992) and a set of specific social skills that can be used in relationships that extend beyond the child-caregiver relationship. Also, the securely attac...

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“…And studies on early adolescents similarly show same-sex preference for friends [10]. Of some concern is that children with primarily opposite-sex friends in those classrooms had poorer social skills than those with same-sex friends [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Face-to-face Interaction Behaviors of Preadolescent Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Friends and Acquaintances

Field¹

2014

J Child Adolesc Behav

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether pre-adolescents interacted more similarly and more positively in best friend pairs than those in acquaintance pairs and whether same-sex dyads interacted more similarly and more positively than opposite-sex dyads. Archival videotapes were coded for the face-to-face interaction behaviors of preadolescent best friend and acquaintance dyads and same-sex and opposite-sex dyads. The dyads had been identified by sociograms completed by 56 sixth grade children. The dyads were then videotaped in face-to-face interactions. The videotapes were coded in the current study for: 1) similar behaviors (vocalizations, body movements); 2) affect (smiling, laughing, animated); 3) communication signals (latent responding, interrupting, talking at the same time); and for 4) accord (agreeing, disagreeing). The best friend versus acquaintance pairs had more similar vocalizations, they laughed more, they interrupted and talked at the same time less often and they expressed agreement more often. The best friend same-sex versus opposite-sex pairs showed more similar vocalizations and body movements, they laughed more often, they showed less latent responding and expressed more agreement. These data suggest that more positive interactions occur within best friend than acquaintance dyads and within same-sex versus oppositesex pairs at this pre-adolescent stage.

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Friendship Similarity During Early Adolescence: Gender and Racial Patterns

Cited by 95 publications

References 22 publications

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

Attachment, Friendship, and Psychosocial Functioning in Early Adolescence

Face-to-face Interaction Behaviors of Preadolescent Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Friends and Acquaintances

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