Friedländer, Knoevenagel, and Michael Reactions Employing the Same MOF: Synthesis, Structure, and Heterogeneous Catalytic Studies of ([Zn(1,4-NDCA)(3-BPDB)0.5]·(DMF)(MeOH) and [Cd4(1,4-NDCA)4(3-BPDB)4]·2(DMF)
Abstract:Friedlander, Knoevenagel, and Michael Reactions Employing the Same MOF: Synthesis, Structure, and Heterogeneous Catalytic Studies of ([Zn(1,4-NDCA)(3-BPDB) 0.5 ]•(DMF)(MeOH) and [Cd 4 (1,4-NDCA) 4 (3-BPDB) 4 ]•2(DMF) Published as part of The Journal of Physical Chemistry virtual special issue "Kankan Bhattacharyya Festschrift".
“…By contrast, electron-donating groups such as −OCH 3 could effectively hinder the reaction (entries 3–5). The substrate of p -(4-methylphenoxy)benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal gave a obviously lower conversion (88%, entry 6), which should be attributed to the fact that the large substituent greatly affected the mass transfer of the whole molecule in the pores (Table S5), consistent with related reported MOF-based catalysts. − The 1 H NMR spectra of all the above tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation products could be found in Figures S16–S22. All in all, this series of catalytic experiments demonstrated that NUC-54a was a highly promising bifunctional catalyst for deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensations with satisfactory product yield and high selectivity. − …”
The high catalytic activity of metal–organic frameworks
(MOFs) can be realized by increasing their effective active sites,
which prompts us to perform the functionalization on selected linkers
by introducing a strong Lewis basic group of fluorine. Herein, the
exquisite combination of paddle-wheel [Cu2(CO2)4(H2O)] clusters and meticulously designed
fluorine-funtionalized tetratopic 2′,3′-difluoro-[p-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid
(F-H4ptta) engenders one peculiar nanocaged {Cu2}-organic framework of {[Cu2(F-ptta)(H2O)2]·5DMF·2H2O}
n
(NUC-54), which features two types of nanocaged voids
(9.8 Å × 17.2 Å and 10.1 Å × 12.4 Å)
shaped by 12 paddle-wheel [Cu2(COO)4H2O)2] secondary building units, leaving a calculated solvent-accessible
void volume of 60.6%. Because of the introduction of plentifully Lewis
base sites of fluorine groups, activated NUC-54a exhibits
excellent catalytic performance on the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides under mild conditions. Moreover, to
expand the catalytic scope, the deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation
reactions of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and malononitrile were performed
using the heterogenous catalyst of NUC-54a. Also, NUC-54a features high recyclability and catalytic stability
with excellent catalytic performance in subsequent catalytic tests.
Therefore, this work not only puts forward a new solution for developing
high-efficiency heterogeneous catalysts, but also enriches the functionalization
strategies for nanoporous MOFs.
“…By contrast, electron-donating groups such as −OCH 3 could effectively hinder the reaction (entries 3–5). The substrate of p -(4-methylphenoxy)benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal gave a obviously lower conversion (88%, entry 6), which should be attributed to the fact that the large substituent greatly affected the mass transfer of the whole molecule in the pores (Table S5), consistent with related reported MOF-based catalysts. − The 1 H NMR spectra of all the above tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation products could be found in Figures S16–S22. All in all, this series of catalytic experiments demonstrated that NUC-54a was a highly promising bifunctional catalyst for deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensations with satisfactory product yield and high selectivity. − …”
The high catalytic activity of metal–organic frameworks
(MOFs) can be realized by increasing their effective active sites,
which prompts us to perform the functionalization on selected linkers
by introducing a strong Lewis basic group of fluorine. Herein, the
exquisite combination of paddle-wheel [Cu2(CO2)4(H2O)] clusters and meticulously designed
fluorine-funtionalized tetratopic 2′,3′-difluoro-[p-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid
(F-H4ptta) engenders one peculiar nanocaged {Cu2}-organic framework of {[Cu2(F-ptta)(H2O)2]·5DMF·2H2O}
n
(NUC-54), which features two types of nanocaged voids
(9.8 Å × 17.2 Å and 10.1 Å × 12.4 Å)
shaped by 12 paddle-wheel [Cu2(COO)4H2O)2] secondary building units, leaving a calculated solvent-accessible
void volume of 60.6%. Because of the introduction of plentifully Lewis
base sites of fluorine groups, activated NUC-54a exhibits
excellent catalytic performance on the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with various epoxides under mild conditions. Moreover, to
expand the catalytic scope, the deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation
reactions of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and malononitrile were performed
using the heterogenous catalyst of NUC-54a. Also, NUC-54a features high recyclability and catalytic stability
with excellent catalytic performance in subsequent catalytic tests.
Therefore, this work not only puts forward a new solution for developing
high-efficiency heterogeneous catalysts, but also enriches the functionalization
strategies for nanoporous MOFs.
“…The α-Po structure is common in many MOF structures (Figure 3). 8,[13][14][15][16][17]73 For the topological analysis, the Mn(1) dimers and Cu 6 S 6 units were considered as two distinct nodes. The connectivity between the Mn(1) dimers and Cu 6 S 6 units gives rise to a uninodal net with a α-Po topology.…”
“…34,64−69 In our earlier efforts by employing compounds having Cu 6 S 6 clusters and other building units, we have explored catalytic reactions that utilize both the Lewis acidic as well as basic sites. 30,73 In the present study, we have attempted a multicomponent Hantzsch reaction (Scheme 3). For this, aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, indandione, and ammonium For undertaking the catalytic reaction, the needed reaction conditions and parameters were first optimized.…”
“…Typically, in a 10 mL test tube, 2 mL of the [Cu 6 (2-Hmna) 6 ] metalloligand (0.1 mmol) was solubilized using ammonia solution, then 2 mL of 1:1 water/ethanol mixture containing 0.1 mmol of ethylenediamine ( en ) was carefully layered on top, and finally, a solution of manganese chloride tetrahydrate (0.1 mmol) in 2 mL of ethanol was introduced as the top layer (Scheme ). The test tube containing a layered solution was carefully sealed with a screw cap, and the reaction vessel was kept for 6 days at 60 °C, which yielded yellow-colored crystals (yield: 51% based on Mn). ,− A similar synthesis procedure was followed for the preparation of all of the other compounds (Table S1).…”
Seven
new inorganic–organic coordination polymer compounds
have been synthesized and their structures are determined by single-crystal
structure determination. The compounds were prepared by the sequential
assembly of a [Cu6(mna)6]6– moiety in the presence of a Mn salt and a secondary amine ligand.
Of the seven compounds, [{Cu6(mna)6}Mn3(H2O)(H2O)1.5]·5.5H2O (I), [{Cu6(mna)6}Mn3(H2O)(Im)1.5]·3.5H2O (Ia), [{Cu6(mna)6}{Mn(BPY)(H2O)}2{Mn(H2O)4}]·2H2O (III), and [{Cu6(mna)6}{Mn(BPE)0.5(H2O)2}2{Mn(BPE)(H2O)2}] (IV) have a three-dimensional
structure, whereas [{Cu6(mna)4.5(Hmna)1.5}{Mn(BPA)(H2O)2}{Mn(H2O)}]{Mn0.25(H2O)3}·7H2O (II), [{Cu6(mna)6}{Mn(4-BPDB)0.5H2O}{Mn(H2O)2}].{Mn(H2O)6}·6H2O (V), and [{Cu6(mna)4(Hmna)2}·{Mn(H2O)3}2]·(4-APY)2·6H2O (VI) have a two-dimensional structure. Some
of the prepared compounds exhibit structures that closely resemble
the classical inorganic structures, such as NaCl (Ia, III), NiAs (I), and CdI2 (IV and VI). The stabilization of such simple structures
from the assembly of octahedral Cu6S6 clusters
and different Mn species and aromatic nitrogen-containing ligands
suggests the subtle interplay between the constituent reactants. The
compounds were examined for the multicomponent Hantzsch reaction,
which gave the product in good yields. The compounds, II and VI, on heating to 70 °C change color reversibly
from pale yellow to deep red, which suggests the possible use of these
compounds as thermochromic materials. The present study suggests that
the Cu6S6 octahedral clusters can be assembled
into structures that resemble classical inorganic structures.
“…This approach would make the overall reaction simpler and cost-effective. The important criterion for developing a catalyst that can favor a cascade/tandem reaction is to have multifunctionality within the same catalyst. − In addition, it is preferable to have such multifunctional catalytic centers that are separated spatially. Such an arrangement would help to reduce any undesirable interactions between the reacting chemical species and help in the formation of the final product.…”
Multistep cascade reactions are important to achieve
atom as well
as step economy over conventional synthesis. This approach, however,
is limited due to the incompatibility of the available reactive centers
in a catalyst. In the present study, new MOF compounds, [Zn2(SDBA)(3-ATZ)2]·solvent, I and II, with tetrahedral Zn centers as good Lewis acidic sites
and the free amino group of the 3-amino triazole ligand as a strong
Lewis base center were shown to perform 4-step cascade/tandem reaction
in a facile manner. Effective conversion of benzaldehyde dimethyl
acetal in the presence of excess nitromethane at 100 °C in water
to 1-(1,3-dinitropropan-2-yl) benzene was achieved in 10 h with yields
of ∼95% (I) and ∼94% (II).
This 4-step cascade reaction proceeds via deacetalization
(Lewis acid), Henry (Lewis base), and Michael (Lewis base) reactions.
The present work highlights the importance of spatially separated
functional groups in multistep tandem catalysisthe examples
of which are not common.
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