“…In particular, this technique can be used as one of few methods for joining metals that are hard to weld or have physicochemical properties significantly different from each other, i.e., in cases when the use of conventional fusion welding is strongly limited and braze welding does not yield sufficient joint strength [2]. For this reason, FSW is commonly used not only for welding aluminium alloys [3,4] but also for many other metallic materials such as magnesium alloys [1,[5][6][7], titanium alloys [1,8], steel [9,10], copper [11][12][13][14][15][16], and different combinations of dissimilar metals [1].…”