Friction Stir Welding of M1 Copper Alloy in the Production of Power Equipment

Optimization of parameters and formulation of numerical model employing GRA–PCA and RSM approach for friction stir welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy joints

“…These two scenarios will lower down the values of tensile strength. When the employed tool's pin geometry impacts the flow of plasticized metal during welding, these two inputs, i.e., flow of plasticized metal and input of heat will determine the strength of the attained joints [5,31]. As a result, from the figure 3(b), it can be visualized that both the combinations, namely moderate value of tool shoulder diameter together with a taper cylindrical pin profile have contributed for larger value of tensile strength.…”

“…In the middle portion, we can observe some precipitated β particles and lower portion exhibits the presence of grain orientation of the twinned lamellar α grains. Figure 6(e) portrays the nugget zone of the Ti alloy joint and the parallel flow of fragmented grains can be seen along the direction of the tool Generation of frictional heat in ideal volumes and perfect stirring action caused by the employment of the taper cylindrical pin tool geometry and its shoulder have led to the fragmentation of the grains of lamellar α, prior β particles and these particles have undergone perfect dynamic re-crystallization, resulting in the generation of finely refined, uniformly distributed, fragmented particles of α and β grain precipitates [5,16]. This nugget zone exhibits the substantial grain flow towards upward direction and orientation of the fragmented grains along the direction of stirring.…”

“…After the invention of the technique of friction stir welding (FSW) by TWI (The Welding Institute), United Kingdom, joining together several low melting point metals such as aluminum, copper, magnesium etc, have been possible using this FSW process. In the recent years, several experimental attempts investigating the possibility of joining together high melting point metals including stainless steel, carbon steel, cast iron etc, employing the technique of FSW have been made and joints have been attained successfully [5][6][7]. On the other hand, so far only few attempts were made by researchers regarding the FSW of Ti and its alloys.…”

Impact of speed of traverse during joining of CDA101 plates by FSW process

“…Comparatively unique and advanced solid condition of welding methodology namely friction stir welding (FSW), in which a non-esculent welding tool accomplishes both the heat (due to friction) and mechanical deformation concurrently, seems to be suitable for joining alloys of Cu [16][17][18]. Reasons for preferring the process of FSW for joining Cu are that the higher amount of input of heat required for joining alloys of Cu can be easily met by employing the FSW process.…”