Friction stir welding of carbon steels

Fujii, Hidetoshi; Cui, Ling; Tsuji, Nobuhiro; Maeda, Masakatsu; Nakata, Kohei; Nogi, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.118

Cited by 382 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Over the last decade, friction stir welding (FSW) has offered excellent welding quality to the joining of many alloys such as aluminum alloys, 1,2) magnesium alloys, 3) Cu alloys, 4) and steel alloys. 5,6) FSW is a solid state welding process in which a high temperature deformation is induced into base materials by a rotating tool composed of two parts called shoulder and probe. The frictional heat generated by the welding tool makes the surrounding material softer and allows the tool to move along the joint line.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Joints of AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6

Khodir

Shibayanagi

2007

Mater. Trans.

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Dissimilar aluminum alloys such as 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 plates 3 mm thickness were friction stir butt welded. The welding was carried out at a constant welding speed of 100 mm/min and rotation speeds of 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 min À1 . Effects of rotation speeds and fixed location of two alloys on microstructures especially the homogeneity of elemental distribution in the stir zone (SZ), hardness distributions, and tensile properties of the joints were investigated. The homogeneity of constituents of the two alloys in the SZ was analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).At the lowest rotation speed of 400 min À1 there was no mixing of two alloys in the SZ and a border between them was observed regardless of the fixed location. Increase of rotation speed more than 400 min À1 brought about a mixed structure likewise onion ring with periodic change of equiaxed grain size and heterogeneous distribution of alloying elements in the SZ. At 2000 min À1 of rotation speed the SZ mainly composed of the material fixed on the advancing side. The hardness increased in the zones occupied by 2024-T3 Al alloy and fluctuations took place in the SZ due to the onion ring at the higher rotation speeds till 1600 min À1 . At 2000 min À1 of rotation speed the hardness of SZ mainly depend on the material fixed on the advancing side. Hardness minima was in the heat affected zone (HAZ) on the side of AA2024-T3 Al alloy and the values slightly increased as the rotation speed increased. In the case of transverse tensile test, defect-free joints were fractured at the HAZ on 2024-T3 side and a maximum tensile strength of the joints was achieved at 1200 min À1 of rotation speed when 2024-T3 Al alloy was located on the advancing side. On the other hand, the tensile properties of SZ in the longitudinal direction showed higher values when 7075 Al alloy was located on the advancing side.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Joints of AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6

Khodir

Shibayanagi

2007

Mater. Trans.

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“…4) Also FSW of high carbon steel which has 0.75 mass% C, martensite fraction is proportional to increasing of tool rotation speed. 15) In other words SZ has little martensite at lower tool rotation speed condition that at higher tool rotation speed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This process would solve most of the defects caused by the fusion welding process, because the materials do not undergo melting and re-solidification. Previous studies have reported on the use of FSW for carbon steels having carbon contents of up to 0.35 mass%, 4) mild steels, 5) DH36 steel, 6) pipeline steels, 7) stainless steels 813) and dissimilar carbon steels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2.25Cr–1Mo Steel

et al. 2012

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded 2.25Cr1Mo steel. For this work, friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at a tool rotation speed of 300 and 700 rpm and a traveling speed was fixed at 40 mm/min. Phase transformation of the microstructure in the joint was investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Vickers hardness and tensile test were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the joints. In the Stir Zone (SZ), fine martensite was observed, indicating that phase transformation and dynamic recrystallization occurred during FSW. The microhardness of the SZ was higher than that of the base metal (BM) due to the phase transformation. After the tensile test, the FSW joint was fractured in the BM region and showed the same yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) as that of the BM.

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“…The lower axial force, combined with higher spindle speed and lower transverse speed, resulted in lower torque on the welded joint, in agreement with lower heat input ( Table 2). According to Equation 3, the heat input should increase with higher spindle speed and lower transverse speed 37,38 . However, it is necessary to consider the influence of torque, which is governed by the flow characteristics of the material and the spindle speed.…”

Section: Joining Process and Obtaining Consolidated Full Penetration mentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction stir welding of duplex and superduplex stainless steels and some aspects of microstructural characterization and mechanical performance

et al. 2016

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Friction stir welding was used to produce butt joints on 6 mm thick plates of UNS S32101 lean duplex stainless steel, S32205 duplex stainless steel, and S32750 and S32760 superduplex stainless steels. Fully consolidated joints were achieved, with full penetration, using heat input of 1.37-1.50 kJ/mm. Specimens submitted to tensile testing performed perpendicular to the welding direction showed failure on the base metal, reflecting better mechanical performance of the welded joints. Furthermore, tensile testing along the joints revealed higher yield and tensile strengths in all cases, as well as increased elongation. Microstructural evaluation showed that there was pronounced grain refinement in the welded joints of all the materials studied, achieving grain sizes as small as 1 µm. The differences in the ferrite and austenite grain sizes in the stir zone, such as the degree of grain refinement, could be explained by the combination of dynamic recrystallization of austenite during the welding process and the recrystallization and growth of the ferrite grains, promoted firstly by the severe deformation and secondly by the high temperature inherent to the FSW process. Superduplex stainless steel FSW joints were more able to maintain a balanced microstructure, compared to conventional and lean duplex stainless steels, due to greater homogeneity of recrystallization in the welded joint.

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Friction stir welding of carbon steels

Cited by 382 publications

References 16 publications

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Joints of AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Joints of AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2.25Cr–1Mo Steel

Friction stir welding of duplex and superduplex stainless steels and some aspects of microstructural characterization and mechanical performance

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Friction stir welding of carbon steels

Cited by 382 publications

References 16 publications

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Joints of AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Joints of AA2024-T3 and AA7075-T6

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2.25Cr&ndash;1Mo Steel

Friction stir welding of duplex and superduplex stainless steels and some aspects of microstructural characterization and mechanical performance

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Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 2.25Cr–1Mo Steel