Friction stir lap joining techniques effects on microstructure and tensile properties of high-strength automotive steel top hat sections

Abstract

Dual Phase (DP) steel, a type of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) with a thickness of 1.7 mm, is used to fabricate single-hat components that are then joined to the base plate using two friction stir welding processes: friction stir lap welding (FSLW) and friction stir spot lap welding (FSSLW). It is difficult to join this assembly using fusion welding techniques. The welding variables for the FSLW process, tool rotation speed (TRS), tool traverse speed (TTS), and plunge depth (PD), were optimized using the design of an experiments-based response surface method by experimentally measured tensile shear failure load (TFL) of top hat assembly. For the FSSLW process, the welding variable TTS was replaced by dwell time (DT). Peak temperature, microstructure at different zones, microhardness mapping, and energy absorption capacity of both processes were evaluated under optimal welding conditions. For both processes, the stir zone and the heat-affected zone had the highest and lowest microhardness, which can be correlated with the level of martensite tempering, martensite lath spacing, polygonal ferrite volume, and precipitated carbides. Under optimum welding conditions, the TSL and energy absorption of FSLW joints were 14 kN and 170 J, respectively, which is 20% and 47 higher than the TSL and energy absorption of FSSLW joints

Effect of Friction Stir Welding and Tempering on the Microstructure and Strength of a Tempformed Low-Alloy Steel

“…Evidently, the microstructure in the stir zone experienced austenite reversal, followed by martensitic transformation during FSW. Heating well above Ac3 temperature, followed by rapid cooling resulting in a martensitic transformation, has been reported in other studies on the FSW of martensitic steels [16,22,23]. The density of dislocations arranged in low-angle sub-boundaries of the developed martensite in the stir zone is ρOIM = 9 × 10 14 m −2 .…”

“…Recently, FSW has been applied to advanced high-strength steels, including a lowalloy steel processed by tempforming [13][14][15][16][17]. The developed microstructure in the stir zone consists of fine grains that resulted from martensitic transformation owing to heating over Ac 3 temperature during FSW, followed by rapid cooling behind the FSW tool [16,17]. Therefore, the FSW seam is characterized by an increased hardness as compared to the base material [14,17].…”