Friction and wear characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

Habibullah, M.; Masjuki, H.H.; Kalam, M.A.; Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah Mohd; Masum, B.M.; Ahmed, Arslan; Gulzar, Mubashir

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.042

Cited by 72 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…These non-edible feedstocks include wood and wood waste, animal fats [29,30], non-food crops [42], waste cooking oil [43,44] etc. and non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas [34,[45][46][47][48][49][50], lesquerella oil, cotton seed [21,28,31,32,51], Pongamia glabra [34,52], beauty leaf [53,54], karanja [55], castor oil [32,51,[56][57][58][59][60][61], Salvadora oleoides and linseed oil [28], forestry residues, switchgrass [20], wood [20] and biomass sources [62][63][64][65]. Third generation biodiesels are produced from micro-algal biomass which has a very distinctive growth yield compared to classical lignocellulosic biomass [16,66].…”

Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad

2017

Energies

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Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most popular fruits in tropical and sub-tropical countries around the world. It contains about 22-34 seeds per fruit. This study investigated the potential of non-edible mandarin seed oil as an alternative fuel in Australia. The seeds were prepared after drying in the oven for 20 h to attain an optimum moisture content of around 13.22%. The crude oil was extracted from the crushed seed using 98% n-hexane solution. The biodiesel conversion reaction (transesterification) was designed according to the acid value (mg KOH/g) of the crude oil. The study also critically examined the effect of various reaction parameters (such as effect of methanol: oil molar ratio, % of catalyst concentration, etc.) on the biodiesel conversion yield. After successful conversion of the bio-oil into biodiesel, the physio-chemical fuel properties of the virgin biodiesel were measured according to relevant ASTM standards and compared with ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) and standard biodiesel ASTM D6751. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) using the EN 14103 standard. The behaviour of the biodiesel (variation of density and kinematic viscosity) at various temperatures (10-40 • C) was obtained and compared with that of diesel fuel. Finally, mass and energy balances were conducted for both the oil extraction and biodiesel conversion processes to analyse the total process losses of the system. The study found 49.23 wt % oil yield from mandarin seed and 96.82% conversion efficiency for converting oil to biodiesel using the designated transesterification reaction. The GC test identified eleven FAMEs. The biodiesel mainly contains palmitic acid (C16:0) 26.80 vol %, stearic acid (C18:0) 4.93 vol %, oleic acid (C18:1) 21.43 vol % (including cis. and trans.), linoleic acid (C18:2) 4.07 vol %, and less than one percent each of other fatty acids. It is an important source of energy because it has a higher heating value of 41.446 MJ/kg which is close to ULSD (45.665 MJ/kg). In mass and energy balances, 49.23% mass was recovered as crude bio-oil and 84.48% energy was recovered as biodiesel from the total biomass.

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Section: World Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Azad

2017

Energies

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“…When the experiment starts, the COF of both biodiesel is not stable, and it takes a few minutes to become stable [21]. This is why it is called an unsteady state condition, and the later state is known as a stable condition.…”

Section: Friction Characteristics Of Biodiesel Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is why it is called an unsteady state condition, and the later state is known as a stable condition. The unsteady state condition is also known as the run-in period [21]. However, the friction characteristics of both first generation and second generation biodiesel in both the unsteady state and steady state conditions are discussed as follows.…”

Section: Friction Characteristics Of Biodiesel Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is imperative to understand the wear and friction characteristics of each biodiesel in detail before using it as an alternative to diesel fuel in the engines. For this reason, several laboratory tests have been performed by some researchers [18][19][20][21] with a four-ball wear machine, pin-on-disk wear testing machine and reciprocating wear tester to get an idea about the tribological behavior of biodiesel fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperature is another crucial factor for the lubrication, which increases the friction and wears in the sliding components [16]. Habibullah et al [21] found that 20% calophyllum biodiesel blends have a better lubrication performance than diesel and other blends at different loads (40 kg, 50 kg, 63 kg and 80 kg) at a constant speed (1800 rpm) and room temperature using a four-ball tribotester. Each biodiesel fuel showed lower friction and wear characteristics than low sulfur fuels [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on the Tribological Characteristics of Australian Native First Generation and Second Generation Biodiesel Fuel

2017

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Biodiesels are a renewable energy source, and they have the potential to be used as alternatives to diesel fuel. The aim of this study is to investigate the wear and friction characteristics of Australian native first generation and second generation biodiesels using a four-ball tribo tester. The biodiesel was produced through a two-step transesterification process and characterized according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The tribological experiment was carried out at a constant 1800 rpm and different loads and temperatures. In addition, the surface morphology of the ball was tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The test results indicated that biodiesel fuels have a lower coefficient of frictions (COF) and lower wear scar diameter (WSD) up to 83.50% and 41.28%, respectively, compared to conventional diesel fuel. The worn surface area results showed that biodiesel fuel has a minimum percentage of C and O, except Fe, compared to diesel. In addition, the worn surface area for diesel was found (2.20%-27.92%) to be higher than biodiesel. The findings of this study indicated that both first and second generation biodiesel fuels have better tribological performance than diesel fuel, and between the biodiesel fuels, macadamia biodiesel showed better lubrication performance.

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Effect of anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of B30 biodiesel–diesel blend

Sundus

Fazal

Masjuki

2016

Lubrication Science

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Biodiesel is used in many countries as blends with diesel fuel. However, the main obstacle in biodiesel/diesel blends acceptance, commercialization worldwide and using higher blends seems to be its ability to oxidise and increase wear and friction of automotive parts. An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyse the effect of three different anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of palm biodiesel–diesel blend (B30) and to optimise anti‐oxidant concentration based on the performance. The three phenolic anti‐oxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene, propylgallate and pyrogallol, were tested using four‐ball tribotester for 1 h with 1500 rpm and 40 kg load, at ambient temperature. These three anti‐oxidants were used in varying concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm. Propylgallate anti‐oxidant showed most effective results by enhancing the lubricity of the blend in terms of reduced wear and friction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Friction and wear characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

Cited by 72 publications

References 56 publications

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Biodiesel from Mandarin Seed Oil: A Surprising Source of Alternative Fuel

Study on the Tribological Characteristics of Australian Native First Generation and Second Generation Biodiesel Fuel

Effect of anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of B30 biodiesel–diesel blend

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