“…In recent years, there has been a growing demand for artificial implants to address human dysfunction caused by an aging population and major diseases. − Cr–Co–Mo, 316L stainless steel, and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), the bio-inert metal alloys, are used as implants for various medical applications. − Ti6Al4V alloys are now the most attractive metal materials for biomedical applications, which are attributed to their low density, high specific strength, high biocompatibility, and chemical stability . In medicine, they are used to implant devices to replace failing hard tissues, such as artificial hips, knee joints, bone plates, fracture fixation screws, etc. − However, human body fluids are an extremely harsh environment, , which contains many corrosive ions, such as chloride ions. In addition, the tribological performances of Ti6Al4V are poor.…”