“…It's noted that the FRET efficiency is related to the distance between the donor and the acceptor because energy transfer efficiency is inversely related to the sixth power of the bonding distance as the energy transfer efficiency decreases signicantly. 23 However, most of the FRET sensor research studies focus on organic uorophores, which have some shortcomings, including spectral crosstalk, 24 photobleaching, 25,26 and direct acceptor excitation, 26 which makes it difficult to avoid direct acceptor excitation at the excitation wavelength required to excite donor molecules effectively.…”