Fresh Bone Marrow and Periosteum Transplantation for Cartilage Defects of the Knee

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: A New ''Cells as Drugs'' Paradigm. Efficacy and Critical Aspects in Cell Therapy

“…As well as for bone regeneration, the convenience of using fresh MSCs directly obtained in the operating room has led to a recent significant increase in clinical studies, showing favorable results in the treatment of both knee and ankle chondral or osteochondral lesions [181-183]. Even if still at an experimental stage, TGFβ1, FGF-2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) and CDMP-1 (cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1) gene modified MSCs have been demonstrated to enhance the repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in allogeneic rabbits [184, 185].…”

Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes in Human Bone Marrow Aspirates upon rAAV-Mediated Gene Transfer and Overexpression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

“…Several therapeutic options are available to treat articular cartilage defects, including autologous chondrocyte implantation and marrow-stimulating techniques, 2-5 but these procedures generally lead to the production of a fibrocartilaginous repair tissue (type-I collagen) of lesser quality than the natural hyaline cartilage (type-II collagen, proteoglycans) that does not integrate well with the surrounding unaffected cartilage, and cannot withstand mechanical stress. [5][6][7] Such issues have been addressed, at least in part, by elaborating progenitor cell-based therapies for cartilage repair by the administration of isolated chondroregenerative cells like bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) 5,8,9 or of marrow concentrates containing MSCs among various cell subpopulations (hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts) as a single-step, convenient therapeutic procedure [10][11][12] due to the extensive, specific ability of MSCs to undergo competent chondrogenic differentiation in this environment. [13][14][15] Nevertheless, even though the clinical outcomes of such trials have been encouraging, complete reconstruction of an original cartilaginous surface in treated patients has not been reported to date, demonstrating the clear need for improved protocols.…”

Transcriptomics Comparison between Porcine Adipose and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells during In Vitro Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation

“…Reports of successful use of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) in tissue engineering applications and disease treatments [1], [2], in addition to concerns about the use of embryonic stem cells, have stimulated increased interest in the use of adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes. Interestingly, among adult stem cells, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are featured with several therapeutic properties, which make them excellent candidates for tissue replacement therapies.…”