Frequent Importation of Enterovirus 71 from Surrounding Countries into the Local Community of Yamagata, Japan, between 1998 and 2003

Mizuta, Katsumi; Abiko, Chieko; Murata, Toshiro; Matsuzaki, Yoko; Itagaki, Tsutomu; Sanjoh, Kanako; Sakamoto, Michiyo; Hongō, Seiji; Murayama, Shoko; Hayasaka, Kenji

doi:10.1128/jcm.43.12.6171-6175.2005

Cited by 147 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…8-13 % amino acid divergence) based on the VP1 gene between three major genogroups (Wang et al, 2002). The same was found based on the VP4 gene of EV71 (15-22 % nucleotide divergence; Mizuta et al, 2005;Munemura et al, 2003). Similarly, echovirus 11 (Kapoor et al, 2004) and echovirus 30 (Savolainen et al, 2001) were found to contain specific clusters within the genotype.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Comprehensive full-length sequence analyses of human parechoviruses: diversity and recombination

Benschop

Vries

Minnaar

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are highly prevalent pathogens among very young children. Although originally classified into two serologically distinct types, HPeV1 and -2, recent analyses of variants collected worldwide have revealed the existence of 12 further types classified genetically by sequence comparisons of complete genome sequences or the capsid (VP1) gene. To investigate the nature of HPeV evolution, its population dynamics and recombination breakpoints, this study generated 18 full-length genomic sequences of the most commonly circulating genotypes, HPeV1 and -3, collected over a time span of 14 years from The Netherlands. By inclusion of previously published full-length sequences, 35 sequences were analysed in total. Analysis of contemporary strains of HPeV1 and those most similar to the prototype strain (Harris) showed that HPeV1 variants fall into two genetically distinct clusters that are much more divergent from each other than those observed within other HPeV types. Future classification criteria for HPeVs may require modification to accommodate the occurrence of variants with intermediate degrees of diversity within types. Recombination was frequently observed among HPeV1, -4, -5 and -6, but was much more restricted among HPeV3 strains. Favoured sites for recombination were found to flank the capsid region, and further sites were found within the non-structural region, P2. In contrast to other HPeV types, the majority of the HPeV3 sequences remained monophyletic across the genome, a possible reflection of its lower diversity and potentially more recent emergence than other HPeV types, or biological and/or epidemiological constraints that limit opportunities for co-infections with potential recombination partners.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Comprehensive full-length sequence analyses of human parechoviruses: diversity and recombination

Benschop

Vries

Minnaar

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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“…Genogroup A includes only one strain (BrCr-CA-70), which was isolated in California in 1970 (Brown et al, 1999). Genogroups B and C are reported more commonly and consist of subgenogroups B0-B5 and C1-C5, respectively (Brown et al, 1999;Chu et al, 2001;Li et al, 2005;McMinn et al, 2001;Mizuta et al, 2005;Tu et al, 2007;van der Sanden et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary trajectory of the VP1 gene of human enterovirus 71 genogroup B and C viruses

Sanden

Avoort

Lemey

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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From 1963 to 1986, human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) infections in the Netherlands were successively caused by viruses of subgenogroups B0, B1 and B2. A genogroup shift occurred in 1987, after which viruses of subgenogroups C1 and C2 were detected exclusively. This is in line with HEV71 typing in Australia, Europe and the USA, but is distinct from that in the Asian Pacific region, where HEV71 subgenogroups B3–B5 and C4–C5 have caused large outbreaks since 1997. To understand these observations in HEV71 epidemiology, the VP1-encoding regions of 199 HEV71 strains isolated in the Netherlands between 1963 and 2008 were used to study the detailed evolutionary trajectory and population dynamics of HEV71. Genogroup B viruses showed an epochal evolution, whereas genogroup C viruses evolved independently, which is in line with the co-circulation of C1 and C2 viruses in the Netherlands since 1997. Considering that strains from the Netherlands are interspersed phylogenetically with GenBank reference strains, the evolution of B1–B2, C1–C2 viruses has a global nature. Phylodynamic analysis confirmed that increased reporting of HEV71 infections in 1986 and 2007 reflected true epidemics of B2 and C2 viruses, respectively. Sequence analysis of the complete capsid region of a subset of isolates revealed several (sub)genogroup-specific residues. Subgenogroup B2-specific rabbit antiserum showed cross-neutralization of B0, B1 and B2 viruses, but not of subgenogroup C1 or C2 viruses, probably explaining the global shift to genogroup C in 1987 following a B2 epidemic. Anti-C1 rabbit serum neutralized both genogroup B and C viruses. Global herd immunity against C1 and C2 viruses possibly explains why epidemics with subgenogroups B4 and C4 are restricted to the Asian Pacific region.

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“…15 The mechanism that underlies this viral infection must be further investigated to develop clinical measures and specific vaccines against EV71. Although the available human clinical and pathological data have not explained this mechanism, the following observations might provide some clues: first, EV71 infection can be transmitted via different routes within a population; 16 second, the virus has been isolated from bloody secretions from the respiratory tract of an individual with clinical symptoms; 17 and third, an infection of the CNS by EV71 suggests that circulation in the blood might be one of the ways the virus disseminates within the body. These findings suggest that the virus initially proliferates in a specific organ or tissue, with viremia occurring after this process, and, finally, damage of target organs by viral infection occurs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis study of enterovirus 71 infection in rhesus monkeys

Zhang

Cui

Liu

et al. 2011

Laboratory Investigation

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Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a major pathogen that is responsible for causing hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide, is a member of the Human Enterovirus species A, family Picornaviridae. HFMD that is caused by EV71 is usually characterized by vesicular lesions on the skin and oral mucosa and high morbidity rates in children; additionally, occasional fatal cases have been reported involving brainstem encephalitis and myelitis associated with cardiopulmonary collapse. Although viral pathogenesis in humans is unclear, previous animal studies have indicated that EV71, inoculated via various routes, is capable of targeting and injuring the central nervous system (CNS). We report here the pathogenic process of systemic EV71 infection in rhesus monkeys after inoculation via intracerebral, intravenous, respiratory and digestive routes. Infection with EV71 via these routes resulted in different rates of targeting to and injury of the CNS. Intracerebral inoculation resulted in pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, along with impairment of neurons. However, intravenous and respiratory inoculations resulted in a direct infection of the CNS, accompanied by obvious inflammation of lung tissue, as shown by impairment of the alveoli structure and massive cellular infiltration around the terminal bronchioles and small vessels. These pathological changes were associated with a peak of viremia and dynamic viral distribution in organs over time in the infected monkeys. Our results suggest that the rhesus monkey model may be used to study not only the basic pathogenesis of EV71 viral infections, but also to examine clinical features, such as neurological lesions, in the CNS and pathological changes in associated organs.

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Frequent Importation of Enterovirus 71 from Surrounding Countries into the Local Community of Yamagata, Japan, between 1998 and 2003

Cited by 147 publications

References 18 publications

Comprehensive full-length sequence analyses of human parechoviruses: diversity and recombination

Comprehensive full-length sequence analyses of human parechoviruses: diversity and recombination

Evolutionary trajectory of the VP1 gene of human enterovirus 71 genogroup B and C viruses

Pathogenesis study of enterovirus 71 infection in rhesus monkeys

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