“…Results are presented "rst in a noiseless environment in Section 4.1, and for di!erent values of the SNR (10 log(A/2 )) in Section 4.2. For each case, results are shown as a function of the signal modulation index "</i f ?A de"ned in Section 2.2, as this quantity appeared to be a relevant parameter to account for the &di$culty' of the estimation [11]. Indeed, is a small number when the IF variation is small (< is small), or the IF variation is fast ( f ?A is high).…”