Frequency Support Functions in Large PV Power Plants With Active Power Reserves

Craciun, Bogdan; Kerekes, Tamás; Séra, Dezső; Teodorescu, Remus

doi:10.1109/jestpe.2014.2344176

Cited by 160 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…2, the grid current i * g can then be derived from (1), as it is given by Volt.-Var control Reactive power control in order to maintain the grid voltage level [39,40]. However, it should be noted that for small PV systems, the line is mainly resistive, and thus the reactive power control is of less effectiveness compared to the conventional Var compensation plant Freq.-Watt control Based on the droop characteristic between grid frequency and active power production, this control feature is to achieve a constant grid frequency by regulating the active power injected into the grid [28,29,41, 42] P constraints Active power constraints [31,33], for example, delta power production, CPG, power ramp control, and peak power limiting control. The CPG control has been witnessed as an effective mean to mitigate the overloading happening through sunny days Dynamic grid support…”

Section: Flexible Power Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Power control flexibilities for grid‐connected multi‐functional photovoltaic inverters

Yang

Blaabjerg

Wang

et al. 2016

IET Renewable Power Generation

166

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This study explores the integration issues of next-generation high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) systems, where the grid is becoming more decentralised and vulnerable. In that case, the PV systems are expected to be more controllable with higher efficiency and reliability. Provision of ancillary and intelligent services, such as fault ride-through and reactive power compensation, is the key to attain higher utilisation of solar PV energy. Such functionalities for the future PV inverters can contribute to reduced cost of energy, and thus enable more cost-effective PV installations. To implement the advanced features, a flexible power controller is developed in this study, which can be configured in the PV inverter and flexibly change from one to another mode during operation. Based on the single-phase PQ theory, the control strategy offers the possibilities to generate appropriate references for the inner current control loop. The references depend on system conditions and also specific demands from both system operators and prosumers. Besides, this power control strategy can be implemented in commercial PV inverters as a standardised function, and also the operation modes can be achieved online in predesigned PV inverters. Case studies have verified the effectiveness and flexibilities of the proposal to realise the advanced features.

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Section: Flexible Power Control Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18][19][20][21], power quality enhancement [22][23][24][25][26][27], frequency control through active power curtailment (Freq.-Watt function) [13,[28][29][30], active power control (e.g. the P constraints) [31][32][33][34], and reliability-oriented thermal management/control [33,[35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power control flexibilities for grid‐connected multi‐functional photovoltaic inverters

Yang

Blaabjerg

Wang

et al. 2016

IET Renewable Power Generation

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is necessary for the PV station in order to provide a given amount of reserves, either in terms of absolute power (kW/MW) or as a fraction of available maximum power (reserve ratio). References [3]- [7], [10], [12] implement techniques that follow external power commands, in addition to frequency response, employing different MPP estimation methods. In [12] and [7], irradiance and temperature measurements are utilized to extrapolate datasheet information to the actual conditions, whereas in [3]- [6], [10] a mathematical model is applied to voltage and current measurements acquired by the dc/dc converter sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…References [3]- [7], [10], [12] implement techniques that follow external power commands, in addition to frequency response, employing different MPP estimation methods. In [12] and [7], irradiance and temperature measurements are utilized to extrapolate datasheet information to the actual conditions, whereas in [3]- [6], [10] a mathematical model is applied to voltage and current measurements acquired by the dc/dc converter sensors. The former approach is simpler, but compromised by the inevitable deviations of actual PV modules characteristics from datasheet values, as well as by the translation formulae employed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power Reserves Control for PV Systems With Real-Time MPP Estimation via Curve Fitting

Batzelis

Kampitsis

Papathanassiou

2017

IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy

154

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-In order for a PV system to provide a full range of ancillary services to the gird, including frequency response, it has to maintain active power reserves. In this paper, a new control scheme for the dc/dc converter of a two-stage PV system is introduced, which permits operation at a reduced power level, estimating the available power (maximum power point -MPP) at the same time. This control scheme is capable of regulating the output power to any given reference, from near-zero to 100% of the available power. The proposed MPP estimation algorithm applies curve fitting on voltage and current measurements obtained during operation to determine the MPP in real time. This is the first method in the literature to use the non-simplified singlediode model for the determination of the MPP and the five model parameters while operating at a curtailed power level. The developed estimation technique exhibits very good accuracy and robustness in presence of noise and rapidly changing environmental conditions. The effectiveness of the control scheme is validated through simulation and experimental tests using a 2 kW PV array and a dc/dc converter prototype at constant and varying irradiance conditions. Index Terms -Active power control, curve fitting, linearized converter model, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV), power reserves, single-diode model.

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“…Due to the spatiotemporal uncertainties associated with their production, variable renewable generators are currently restrained by operators in their provision of Ancillary Services (AS), for which maximum reliability is a firm pre-requisite. However studies have identified that wind and photovoltaics (PV) power plants show technical capabilities to provide AS [1], [2]. The Irish TSO has issued a specific regulation for frequency control from wind power plants [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term forecast of automatic frequency restoration reserve from a renewable energy based virtual power plant

Camal

Michiorri

Kariniotakis

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe)

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Abstract-This paper presents the initial findings on a new forecast approach for ancillary services delivered by aggregated renewable power plants. The increasing penetration of distributed variable generators challenges grid reliability. Wind and photovoltaic power plants are technically able to provide ancillary services, but their stochastic behavior currently impedes their integration into reserve mechanisms. A methodology is developed to forecast the flexibility that a windphotovoltaic aggregate can provide. A bivariate Kernel Density Estimator forecasts the probability to provide reserve. The methodology is tested on a case study where volumes of automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR) are forecasted on a day-ahead horizon. It is found that the windphotovoltaic aggregate can dedicate a limited share of its forecast production to aFRR. The frequency of insufficient reserve capacity is assessed, by comparing the capacities offered with the measured production.

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Frequency Support Functions in Large PV Power Plants With Active Power Reserves

Cited by 160 publications

References 13 publications

Power control flexibilities for grid‐connected multi‐functional photovoltaic inverters

Power control flexibilities for grid‐connected multi‐functional photovoltaic inverters

Power Reserves Control for PV Systems With Real-Time MPP Estimation via Curve Fitting

Short-term forecast of automatic frequency restoration reserve from a renewable energy based virtual power plant

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