Frequency stability degradation of an oscillator slaved to a periodically interrogated atomic resonator

Santarelli, Giorgio; Audoin, C.; Makdissi, A.; Laurent, Ph.; Dick, G.J.; Clairon, A.

doi:10.1109/58.710548

Cited by 267 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…State-of-the-art photonic applications, such as high-speed signal processing [1], time and frequency dissemination [2,3], arbitrary optical and rf waveform generation [4][5][6], and microwave signal generation for coherent radar and microwave atomic clocks [7][8][9][10][11], increasingly rely on stable trains of ultrashort optical pulses, particularly from mode-locked lasers. These applications nearly always involve high-speed photodetection, either to produce the required microwave signals or to assess the quality of the optical waveform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting shot noise correlations in the photodetection of ultrashort optical pulse trains

et al. 2013

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We present a frequency domain model of shot noise in the photodetection of ultrashort optical pulse trains using a time-varying analysis. Shot noise-limited photocurrent power spectral densities, signal-tonoise expressions, and shot noise spectral correlations are derived that explicitly include the finite response of the photodetector. It is shown that the strength of the spectral correlations in the shot noise depends on the optical pulse width, and that these correlations can create orders-of-magnitude imbalance between the shot noise-limited amplitude and phase noise of photonically generated microwave carriers. It is also shown that only by accounting for spectral correlations can shot noise be equated with the fundamental quantum limit in the detection of optical pulse-to-pulse timing jitter.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting shot noise correlations in the photodetection of ultrashort optical pulse trains

et al. 2013

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“…Using the power spectral density of the LO frequency noise S f y (f ), the contribution to the clock stability becomes the quadratic sum over all harmonics [59] …”

Section: B Local Oscillator Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This stability degradation σ y,Dick is known as the Dick effect [58]. It is best calculated using the sensitivity function g(t) [59]: during dead-time, g = 0 whereas during T R , when the atomic coherence |ψ = (|1 + e iφ |2 )/ √ 2 is fully established g = 1. During the first Ramsey pulse, when the coherence builds up, g increases as sin Ωt for a square pulse and decreases symmetrically for the second pulse [60].…”

Section: B Local Oscillator Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of a trapped-atom clock on a chip

et al. 2015

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We present a compact atomic clock interrogating ultracold 87 Rb magnetically trapped on an atom chip. Very long coherence times sustained by spin self-rephasing allow us to interrogate the atomic transition with 85% contrast at 5 s Ramsey time. The clock exhibits a fractional frequency stability of 5.8 × 10 −13 at 1 s and is likely to integrate into the 10 −15 range in less than a day. A detailed analysis of 7 noise sources explains the measured frequency stability. Fluctuations in the atom temperature (0.4 nK shot-to-shot) and in the offset magnetic field (5 × 10 −6 relative fluctuations shot-to-shot) are the main noise sources together with the local oscillator, which is degraded by the 30% duty cycle. The analysis suggests technical improvements to be implemented in a future second generation set-up. The results demonstrate the remarkable degree of technical control that can be reached in an atom chip experiment.

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“…The fractional instability is limited by the quantum projection noise (QPN) 23) σ QPN , the Dick effect σ Dick , 20) and the spectral transfer noise of the comb σ Comb to bridge the two clock frequencies ν 1 and ν 2 . The overall instability is described as…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20) As the sensitivity ½ðg n c =g 0 Þ 2 þ ðg n s =g 0 Þ 2 1=2 rapidly decreases for f ≫ 1=T i , frequency noise with low Fourier components of a few Hz solely affects the clock instability σ Dick . Note that the frequency noise of the clock laser with the state-of-theart instability of σ y ∼ 1 × 10 −16 at τ = 1 s [25][26][27] [green line in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

All-polarization-maintaining, single-port Er:fiber comb for high-stability comparison of optical lattice clocks

Ohmae

Kuse²,

Fermann³

et al. 2017

Appl. Phys. Express

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All-polarization-maintaining, single-port Er:fiber combs offer long-term robust operation as well as high stability. We have built two such combs and evaluated the transfer noise for linking optical clocks. A uniformly broadened spectrum over 135-285 THz with a high signal-to-noise ratio enables the optical frequency measurement of the subharmonics of strontium, ytterbium, and mercury optical lattice clocks with the fractional frequencynoise power spectral density of (1-2) ' 10 %17 Hz %1/2 at 1 Hz. By applying a synchronous clock comparison, the comb enables clock ratio measurements with 10 %17 instability at 1 s, which is one order of magnitude smaller than the best instability of the frequency ratio of optical lattice clocks. © 2017 The Japan Society of Applied PhysicsO ptical frequency combs have become indispensable tools for precision measurements including atomic= molecular spectroscopy, low-phase-noise microwave generation, and ranging. 1) In optical clocks, linking different atomic clocks 2,3) or distant clocks via optical fibers 4) with a fractional uncertainty of 10 −18 is of significant concern with a future redefinition of the second in the International System of Units (SI). 5) Such endeavors, in turn, offer intriguing opportunities for testing the constancy of the fundamental constants 6) and for relativistic geodesy. 4,7) These applications necessitate ultralow-noise optical frequency combs that allow long-term and robust operation. Titanium-sapphire-based frequency combs have demonstrated outstanding stability. 8,9) However, their bulky optical setups require regular maintenance, thus hampering long-term and robust operation, which limits their potential applications. In contrast, erbium (Er) fiber combs enable all-fiber architecture for robust operation. Although a typical Er:fiber comb uses nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) to acquire mode-locking with excellent noise performance, 9-13) the operational condition for such NPR-based Er:fiber oscillators can be sensitive to environmental conditions. For practical applications, such as the longterm operation of clocks to generate the optical second 14) and field and space applications, the all-polarization-maintaining (PM) architecture is preferred. 15,16) However, such architecture has shown relatively large phase noise. Low intrinsic phase noise with PM architecture is demonstrated by applying a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror (NALM). 17,18) In linking multiple optical frequencies, Er:fiber combs with a multibranch configuration, where each port consists of an Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), have been employed, 3,19) as it allows sufficient output power per comb tooth optimized for the single frequency. In such a multibranch comb, the phase noise in different branches introduces the instability of ∼10 −16 at 1 s. 10,11) A record high instability of 4 × 10 −16 (τ=s) −1=2 has been demonstrated for synchronous clock comparison between strontium (Sr)-and ytterbium (Yb)-based optical lattice clocks, 3) in whic...

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Frequency stability degradation of an oscillator slaved to a periodically interrogated atomic resonator

Cited by 267 publications

References 7 publications

Exploiting shot noise correlations in the photodetection of ultrashort optical pulse trains

Exploiting shot noise correlations in the photodetection of ultrashort optical pulse trains

Stability of a trapped-atom clock on a chip

All-polarization-maintaining, single-port Er:fiber comb for high-stability comparison of optical lattice clocks

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