Frequency secure control strategy for power grid with large-scale wind farms through HVDC links

Wind Power Transmission System Integration — a Case Study of China Wind Power Base

“…Because of this volatility, the resulting problems include frequency and voltage stability, insufficient transmission capacity, power quality, grid security, and generation scheduling, etc. [8,26,[41][42][43][44]. In addition to these inherent defects, some unfavorable factors faced by Jiuquan Base in China are further described as follows.…”

“…In some power grids, renewable energy is integrated into low-voltage distribution networks or strong grids with flexible synchronous generators to provide support, so three is no insurmountable obstacles in renewable energy development except for some system-level stability issues, for example, frequency stability [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. However, these favorable conditions and well-developed market environments do not exist for China's wind power.…”

Solar PV Frequency Control in the U.S. EI and ERCOT Interconnections — Case Studies and Recommendations

“…The displacement of synchronous generators with PV has direct impacts on the system inertia level and frequency regulation capability. Many power systems starts to notice the risks of insufficient system inertia and frequency regulation resources due to the increase of PV and other nonsynchronous renewable generation [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], largely thanks to the deployment of wide-area synchrophasor measurement systems .…”

Frequency Response Characteristic (FRC) Curve and Fast Frequency Response Assessment in High Renewable Power Systems

“…Renewable generation is increasing in many power grids [1][2][3][4][5][6], influencing both operation and planning [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Since the increase of renewable penetration reduces system inertia and governor response, power system frequency response has become a major concern of high renewable power systems [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. The common approach to evaluate system steady-state frequency response is a constant value whose unit is MW/0.1Hz [31][32][33][34][35].…”