Frequency of Severe Malaria and Invasive Bacterial Infections among Children Admitted to a Rural Hospital in Burkina Faso

Maltha, Jessica; Guiraud, Issa; Kaboré, Berenger; Lompo, Palpouguini; Ley, Benedikt; Bottieau, Emmanuel; Geet, Chris Van; Tinto, Halidou; Jacobs, Jan

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089103

Cited by 81 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The change in minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints instituted by CLSI in 2008 14,20,30,31,37,38,53–55,57,59,61,63 yielded susceptibilities of 82.5% (95% CI 60.7, 94.1) pre-CLSI 14,17,20,30,31,37,38,53–55,57,59,61 and 69.0% (95% CI 42.6, 88.4) post-CLSI. 23,43,52,56,58,62 Overall susceptibilities to beta-lactam antibiotics were high: ampicillin/amoxicillin 94.7% (95% CI 80.2, 99.4) 17,30,38,42,43,54,55,57,59,60 and third-generation cephalosporins 98.5% (95% CI 95.1, 100.0). 17,30,42,52,54,56,58–61 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,43,52,56,58,62 Overall susceptibilities to beta-lactam antibiotics were high: ampicillin/amoxicillin 94.7% (95% CI 80.2, 99.4) 17,30,38,42,43,54,55,57,59,60 and third-generation cephalosporins 98.5% (95% CI 95.1, 100.0). 17,30,42,52,54,56,58–61 . However, penicillin susceptibility was lower among invasive isolates in Northern (33.3–44.5%) 27,37 and Eastern Africa (16.7–35.3%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, penicillin susceptibility was lower among invasive isolates in Northern (33.3–44.5%) 27,37 and Eastern Africa (16.7–35.3%). 30,58 Pooled susceptibilities were 90.8% (95% CI 80.6, 96.4) for chloramphenicol 17,19,20,30,38,52–55,57–60 and 94.0% (95% CI 79.4, 99.6) for azithromycin/erythromycin, 17,31,38,56,58,60,61 but substantially lower for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (31.7% [95% CI 9.8, 61.8]), 17,20,31,53–56,58,60 and tetracycline (51.0% [95% CI 36.4, 65.0]; Figure 5 and Appendix Figure 2), 17,38,54,55,58 each of which is in common use in Africa.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Tam

Thielen

Obaro

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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Background Determining the incidence, disease-associated serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children in Africa is essential in order to monitor the impact of these infections prior to widespread introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Methods To provide updated estimates of the incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing disease in Africa, we performed a systematic review of articles published from 2000–2015 using Ovid Medline and Embase. We included prospective and surveillance studies that applied predefined diagnostic criteria. Meta-analysis for all pooled analyses was based on random-effects models. Results We included 38 studies consisting of 386,880 participants in 21 countries over a total of 350,613 person-years. The pooled incidence of IPD was 62.6 (95% CI 16.9, 226.5) per 100,000 person-years, including meningitis which had a pooled incidence of 24.7 (95% CI 11.9, 51.6) per 100,000 person-years. The pooled prevalence of penicillin susceptibility was 78.1% (95% CI 61.9, 89.2). Cumulatively, PCV10 and PCV13 included 66.9% (95% CI 55.9, 76.7) and 80.6% (95% CI 66.3, 90.5) of IPD serotypes, respectively. Conclusions Our study provides an integrated and robust summary of incidence data, serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility for S. pneumoniae in children ≤5 years of age in Africa prior to widespread introduction of PCV on the continent. The heterogeneity of studies and wide range of incidence rates across the continent indicate that surveillance efforts should be intensified in all regions of Africa to improve the integrity of epidemiologic data, vaccine impact and cost benefit. Although the incidence of IPD in young children in Africa is substantial, currently available conjugate vaccines are estimated to cover the majority of invasive disease-causing pneumococcal serotypes. These data provide a reliable baseline from which to monitor the impact of the broad introduction of PCV.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Tam

Thielen

Obaro

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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“…As described previously [13] non-typhoid Salmonella spp. (NTS) were most frequently isolated from blood culture (21/60, 35.0%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Pf HRP2 versus Pf-pLDH antigen detection by malaria rapid diagnostic tests in hospitalized children in a seasonal hyperendemic malaria transmission area in Burkina Faso

Maltha

Guiraud

Lompo

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundIn most sub-Saharan African countries malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are now used for the diagnosis of malaria. Most RDTs used detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP2), though P. falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-pLDH)-detecting RDTs may have advantages over PfHRP2-detecting RDTs. Only few data are available on the use of RDTs in severe illness and the present study compared Pf-pLDH to PfHRP2-detection.MethodsHospitalized children aged one month to 14 years presenting with fever or severe illness were included over one year. Venous blood samples were drawn for malaria diagnosis (microscopy and RDT), culture and complete blood count. Leftovers were stored at −80 °C and used for additional RDT analysis and PCR. An RDT targeting both PfHRP2 and Pf-pLDH was performed on all samples for direct comparison of diagnostic accuracy with microscopy as reference method. PCR was performed to explore false-positive RDT results.ResultsIn 376 of 694 (54.2%) included children, malaria was microscopically confirmed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value were 100.0, 70.9, 69.4 and 100.0%, respectively for PfHRP2-detection and 98.7, 94.0, 91.6 and 99.1%, respectively for Pf-pLDH-detection. Specificity and PPV were significantly lower for PfHRP2-detection (p <0.001). For both detection antigens, specificity was lowest for children one to five years and in the rainy season. PPV for both antigens was highest in the rainy season, because of higher malaria prevalence. False positive PfHRP2 results were associated with prior anti-malarial treatment and positive PCR results (98/114 (86.0%) samples tested).ConclusionAmong children presenting with severe febrile illness in a seasonal hyperendemic malaria transmission area, the present study observed similar sensitivity but lower specificity and PPV of PfHRP2 compared to Pf-pLDH-detection. Further studies should assess the diagnostic accuracy and safety of an appropriate Pf-pLDH-detecting RDT in field settings and if satisfying, replacement of PfHRP2 by Pf-pLDH-detecting RDTs should be considered.

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“…These alternative antimicrobials are less widely available and more expensive to use in resource-limited settings. For instance in Malawi [5,56] MDR S . Typhimurium account for 90% of all NTS isolated from blood.…”

Section: Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (Ints) Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease

Kariuki¹,

Gordon²,

Feasey³

et al. 2015

Vaccine

246

215

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Invasive Salmonella infections (typhoidal and non-typhoidal) cause a huge burden of illness estimated at nearly 3.4 million cases and over 600,000 deaths annually especially in resource-limited settings. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) infections are particularly important in immunosuppressed populations especially in sub-Saharan Africa, causing a mortality of 20–30% in vulnerable children below 5 years of age. In these settings, where routine surveillance for antimicrobial resistance is rare or non-existent, reports of 50–75% multidrug resistance (MDR) in NTS are common, including strains of NTS also resistant to flouroquinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Typhoid (enteric) fever caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A remains a major public health problem in many parts of Asia and Africa. Currently over a third of isolates in many endemic areas are MDR, and diminished susceptibility or resistance to fluoroquinolones, the drugs of choice for MDR cases over the last decade is an increasing problem. The situation is particularly worrying in resource-limited settings where the few remaining effective antimicrobials are either unavailable or altogether too expensive to be afforded by either the general public or by public health services. Although the prudent use of effective antimicrobials, improved hygiene and sanitation and the discovery of new antimicrobial agents may offer hope for the management of invasive salmonella infections, it is essential to consider other interventions including the wider use of WHO recommended typhoid vaccines and the acceleration of trials for novel iNTS vaccines. The main objective of this review is to describe existing data on the prevalence and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistant invasive Salmonella infections and how this affects the management of these infections, especially in endemic developing countries.

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Frequency of Severe Malaria and Invasive Bacterial Infections among Children Admitted to a Rural Hospital in Burkina Faso

Cited by 81 publications

References 30 publications

Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Childhood pneumococcal disease in Africa – A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility

Accuracy of Pf HRP2 versus Pf-pLDH antigen detection by malaria rapid diagnostic tests in hospitalized children in a seasonal hyperendemic malaria transmission area in Burkina Faso

Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease

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