Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age

Crovitz, Herbert F.; Schiffman, Harold F.

doi:10.3758/bf03334277

Cited by 619 publications

(383 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Rubin asked young adults to think of past events related to each of over 100 cue words (e.g., cup, chair, and tree), and to estimate their age at the time of the event. To the data, Wetzler and Sweeney fitted a power function that in many investigations (e.g., Crovitz & Schiffman, 1974;Rubin & Wenzel, 1996;Rubin, Wetzler, & Nebes, 1986) has been shown to capture the distribution of memories across the life span. As discussed by Rubin and Wenzel (1996), the power function (e.g., Wickelgren, 1974Wickelgren, , 1975 implies that equal ratios of time (t 1 /t 2 ϭ t 3 /t 4 ) will result in equal ratios of recall (recall 1 /recall 2 ϭ recall 3 /recall 4 ).…”

Section: Characteristic Distribution Of Early Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Section: Characteristic Distribution Of Early Memoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

134

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, they were given a word-cued memory task in which 30 words were presented, and each participant was asked to produce one memory in response (cf. Crovitz & Schiffman, 1974). For each phase of memory testing, participants were asked to rate their memories on pleasantness, intensity, significance, novelty, vividness, and frequency of rehearsal.…”

Section: Effects Of Emotion On Encoding and Consolidation-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval of emotional memories.

Buchanan

2007

Psychological Bulletin

374

238

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Long-term memories are influenced by the emotion experienced during learning as well as by the emotion experienced during memory retrieval. The present article reviews the literature addressing the effects of emotion on retrieval, focusing on the cognitive and neurological mechanisms that have been revealed. The reviewed research suggests that the amygdala, in combination with the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, plays an important role in the retrieval of memories for emotional events. The neural regions necessary for online emotional processing also influence emotional memory retrieval, perhaps through the reexperience of emotion during the retrieval process. Keywords emotion; memory; retrieval; amygdala; prefrontal cortex Retrieval of Emotional MemoriesMemories of our experiences are likely characterized by representations in the form of neuronal activity. Activity among a network of neurons represents a code for the experience of, say, a birthday party. When this network is activated by some cue that triggers a reexperience of that event, we are said to have recollected the birthday party. Emotional events are often remembered with greater accuracy and vividness (though these two characteristics do not always go together) than events lacking an emotional component (Reisberg & Hertel, 2005). This enhanced memory for emotional events has been attributed to interactions between the amygdala and other neural areas such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Cahill & McGaugh, 1996). The amygdala is active during emotional situations, and this activity influences the encoding and consolidation of the memory trace for the emotional event (see LaBar & Cabeza, 2006;Phelps, 2004, for a review). These effects on the "front end" of memory (attention, encoding, the early stages of consolidation) have been well documented, but the influence of emotion and amygdala activity on memory retrieval has been more difficult to demonstrate. This difficulty is partly due to the fact that, by definition, an emotional event exerts its influence during the initial experience of the event. Understanding the influence of emotion on retrieval mechanisms could have utility in treating disorders of emotion and memory such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Davis & Whalen, 2001;Elzinga & Bremner, 2002), in which emotion may influence all phases of memory. Given that it is at the retrieval stage that the pathological effects of negative emotion are most often observed (Elzinga & Bremner, 2002;Williams & Scott, 1988), perhaps this is also where treatment may work most effectively. Recent work on the neurobiology of retrieval, extinction learning, and potential treatments for psychopathology highlight the broad influence that emotion exerts on memory retrieval mechanisms. In this review, I examine this influence and discuss the applications of this work across many areas of psychology.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Tony W. Buchanan, who is now at the Department of Psychology...

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“…These investigators used the Galton -Crovitz word-cue technique [12] in which participants are asked to describe an autobiographical episode from their recent or remote past in response to single word cues. Kinsbourne and Wood found that amnesic patients were poor at recalling autobiographical events though they could retrieve generic information pertaining to these words.…”

Section: Episodic 6ersus Semantic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

Rosenbaum

Winocur

Moscovitch

2001

Behavioural Brain Research

140

119

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Evidence of temporally graded retrograde amnesia (RA) following hippocampal damage has fuelled the long-standing belief that memory undergoes a consolidation process, whereby memories are progressively modified in neocortical regions until they are independent of the hippocampal (HPC) complex. Support for this position derives from both the animal and human RA literature, although the results are not consistent. Specifically, consolidation theory does not account for loss of episodic (detail) information in humans and context-dependent information in animals, which often extend back for much of the life span. We discuss an alternative approach, the Multiple Trace Theory, which suggests that the HPC complex contributes to the retrieval of recent and remote episodic and context-dependent memories. According to this view, such memory traces are represented as spatially distributed interactions between the HPC and neocortex that persist for as long as those memories exist. On the other hand, semantic, or context-free, memories can become independent of the HPC as consolidation theory predicts. In support of this view, we report recent accounts of relatively flat RA gradients in autobiographical and spatial detail loss in patients and animal models with extensive bilateral HPC lesions. By comparison, temporally graded RA was observed in tests of semantic and context-free memory. We also report neuroimaging studies in which hippocampal activity, elicited during recollection of autobiographical memories, did not distinguish recent from remote episodes. Our discussion suggests ways to reconcile discrepancies in the literature and guide predictions of the occurrence of flat versus temporally limited gradients of remote episodic and semantic memory loss following lesions to HPC.

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Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age

Cited by 619 publications

References 3 publications

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Retrieval of emotional memories.

New views on old memories: re-evaluating the role of the hippocampal complex

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