Frequency of Animal Leptospirosis in the Southern United States and the Implications for Human Health

Blessington, Tyann; Schenck, Anna P.; Levine, Jay F.

doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001093

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The monitoring study in Kazakhstan revealed sporadic cases of leptospirosis in farm animals, with pathogenic leptospira detection occurring at a relatively low frequency (<0.2%/year) among wildlife, a pattern similar to a study in the southern United States [ 16 ]. Leptospires consistently circulate among wild rodents, leading to ongoing environmental contamination with leptospira-infected urine, especially in freshwater bodies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

A retrospective study of animal leptospirosis in Kazakhstan

Kirkimbayeva,

Biyashev,

Yermagambetova

et al. 2024

J Adv Vet Anim Res

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Objective: The purpose of the paper was to monitor the disease incidence in farm and wild animals in some areas of Kazakhstan, which are most susceptible to leptospirosis, and the typifi¬cation of isolated pathogens, carried out under the scientific and technical program “Studying the epizootological characteristics of the country territory on particularly dangerous diseases and developing veterinary and sanitary measures to improve their effectiveness” in 2021–2023. Materials and Methods: The material included the reports of veterinary laboratories on leptospi¬rosis in recent years, as well as laboratory tests on samples carried out at the “SANA” research and development enterprise. During this period, 6,701 serum samples from farm animals and 86,651 serum samples from rodents were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The serological results showed antibody titers in the blood of 6.32% of cattle, 5.4% of sheep, 4.2% of horses, and 1.8% of pigs. The highest number of positive samples were found in Turkestan (12.3%), Almaty (11.7%), and Kyzylorda (11.4%) regions. Infection in rodents was lower and ranged from 0.34% to 0.07% during these years. The population of leptospira-causing diseases of animals on the territory of the country is represented by 8 serogroups. Studies in 2022 on the detection of pathogenic leptospires by polymerase chain reaction in 350 samples of blood serum from animals and 350 samples of biomaterial from rodents from different regions of Kazakhstan were negative. Conclusion: Studies conducted as part of this work will help reduce the incidence of disease among the population and animals in Kazakhstan.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

A retrospective study of animal leptospirosis in Kazakhstan

Kirkimbayeva,

Biyashev,

Yermagambetova

et al. 2024

J Adv Vet Anim Res

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“…Although a large meta-analysis determined a Leptospira infection global prevalence of ~15% in the majority of mammalian families [45], large studies in the US have yielded greater seroprevalence rates for leptospirosis in wildlife [65]. Numerous studies of raccoons, skunks, coyote, and/or deer have documented seroprevalence rates of ~10-50% in many areas of the United States [66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75] and Canada [76][77][78]. Although seroprevalence rates are typically greater than molecular detection or culture rates of leptospires in kidneys, i.e., serology overestimating active infection, serology may potentially underestimate infection in reservoir species [75].…”

Section: Urbanizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Drivers for the Re-Emergence of Canine Leptospirosis in the United States and Canada

2022

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Canine leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease in many countries. This review examines potential drivers for increased diagnoses of canine leptospirosis in the United States and Canada, using the epidemiologic triad of agent-environment-host as a template. Leptospira spp. are classified into more than 250 serovars, but in many laboratories only 6 are routinely tested for in serologic agglutination tests of canine sera. Leptospiral infections in dogs may potentially go undetected with unemployed or currently employed diagnostic methods. Disease transmission from infected reservoir hosts usually occurs via urine-contaminated environmental sources such as water. Direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals, environmental factors such as climate changes in temperature and/or rainfall, and increasing number and urbanization of reservoir hosts may greatly increase dog exposure risks. A dog’s lifestyle may influence exposure risk to leptospirosis, but vaccination based on proper identification of circulating serogroups dramatically reduces post-exposure infections. Regrettably, resistance to vaccination by veterinarians and dog owners leaves a large number of dogs at risk for this zoonotic disease.

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“…Many studies show that leptospirosis is re-emerging, and it is becoming a public health problem, worldwide, with significant increases in its incidence and there being multiple outbreaks [176]. Recently, the disease has become widespread in Nicaragua, Brazil, India, Southeast Asia, the United States, and in several other countries [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184]. Despite this, there are a few reports of leptospirosis in South and Southeast Asia, especially in the densely populated countries such as India and Indonesia, because the monitoring of it is very poor [171].…”

Section: Leptospirosismentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

et al. 2022

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Population growth and industrialization have led to a race for greater food and supply productivity. As a result, the occupation and population of forest areas, contact with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors, the trafficking and consumption of wildlife, the pollution of water sources, and the accumulation of waste occur more frequently. Concurrently, the agricultural and livestock production for human consumption has accelerated, often in a disorderly way, leading to the deforestation of areas that are essential for the planet’s climatic and ecological balance. The effects of human actions on other ecosystems such as the marine ecosystem cause equally serious damage, such as the pollution of this habitat, and the reduction of the supply of fish and other animals, causing the coastal population to move to the continent. The sum of these factors leads to an increase in the demands such as housing, basic sanitation, and medical assistance, making these populations underserved and vulnerable to the effects of global warming and to the emergence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. In this article, we discuss the anthropic actions such as climate changes, urbanization, deforestation, the trafficking and eating of wild animals, as well as unsustainable agricultural intensification which are drivers for emerging and re-emerging of zoonotic pathogens such as viral (Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Hendravirus, Nipah virus, rabies, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2), bacterial (leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tuberculosis), parasitic (leishmaniasis) and fungal pathogens, which pose a substantial threat to the global community. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to raise awareness and educate people about the science behind and the battle against zoonotic pathogens to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.

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Frequency of Animal Leptospirosis in the Southern United States and the Implications for Human Health

Cited by 5 publications

References 68 publications

A retrospective study of animal leptospirosis in Kazakhstan

A retrospective study of animal leptospirosis in Kazakhstan

Potential Drivers for the Re-Emergence of Canine Leptospirosis in the United States and Canada

An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

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