“…The presence of disturbances, especially multiple disturbances, make system analysis and controller design more complicated. To deal with the consensus problems of MAS subject to disturbances, a lot of techniques have been investigated such as adaptive techniques, non-linear techniques, and combination of observers (Ahmed et al, 2022; Ahmed et al, 2020, 2021; Chehardoli and Homaeinezhad, 2018; Chen and Shi, 2016; Hou et al, 2017; Huang and Wang, 2020; Li et al, 2020a; Luyben, 2020; Ma et al, 2017; Olfati-Saber and Murray, 2004; Tian and Zhang, 2012; Wang et al, 2018; Ye and Zhang, 2019; Zamanian et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2019). These techniques discussed the consensus performance of MASs and minimized the effects of input time delay (ITD), communication time delay (CTD), and disturbances.…”