Frequency-domain multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensor arrays with a superconducting quantum interference device

Lanting, T.; Cho, Hsiao-Mei; Clarke, John; Holzapfel, W. L.; Lee, Adrian T.; Lueker, M.; Richards, P. L.; Dobbs, M.; Spieler, H.; Smith, Andy

doi:10.1063/1.1884746

Cited by 82 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The selfcooling property of the SINIS bolometer can also be used to compensate for excessive background loading, thus effectively giving it a larger dynamic range. The main obstacle towards constructing large arrays of SINIS based HEBs is that their impedance ͑typically 1 -100 k⍀͒ is hard to match to the existing cryogenic SQUID multiplexers ͑Chervenak et al, 1999; Yoon et al, 2001;de Korte et al, 2003;Lanting et al, 2005;Reintsema et al, 2003͒. In principle, one could apply superconducting transformers to match the SQUID noise, but transformers with sufficient impedance transformation range are quite large, which makes this approach unpractical.…”

Section: Hot-electron Bolometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, deposited films are often used as interlevel dielectrics for metals, for lithographic masking in diffusion and implantation processes, as well as for passivation and protective layers ͑Ghandhi, 1983; Nicollian and Brews, 1983;Sze, 1985͒. In addition, they can be used as thin amorphous membranes on which microstructured and nanostructured devices are realized ͑Nahum and Martinis, 1995; Irwin et al, 1996;Fisher et al, 1999;Luukanen et al, 2000;Clark et al, 2005;Lanting et al, 2005͒ in light of their specific electric and thermal properties ͑Manninen et al, 1997; Leivo and Pekola, 1998;Leoni et al, 2003͒. In the following we discuss those insulators which are considered relevant for microelectronic fabrication processing, i.e., silicon dioxide and silicon nitride.…”

Section: Thin-film Insulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications

et al. 2006

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This review presents an overview of the thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. The discussion is based on the concept of electron energy distribution, and, in particular, on controlling and probing it. The temperature of an electron gas is determined by this distribution: refrigeration is equivalent to narrowing it, and thermometry is probing its convolution with a function characterizing the measuring device. Temperature exists, strictly speaking, only in quasiequilibrium in which the distribution follows the Fermi-Dirac form. Interesting nonequilibrium deviations can occur due to slow relaxation rates of the electrons, e.g., among themselves or with lattice phonons. Observation and applications of nonequilibrium phenomena are also discussed. The focus in this paper is at low temperatures, primarily below 4 K, where physical phenomena on mesoscopic scales and hybrid combinations of various types of materials, e.g., superconductors, normal metals, insulators, and doped semiconductors, open up a rich variety of device concepts. This review starts with an introduction to theoretical concepts and experimental results on thermal properties of mesoscopic structures. Then thermometry and refrigeration are examined with an emphasis on experiments. An immediate application of solid-state refrigeration and thermometry is in ultrasensitive radiation detection, which is discussed in depth. This review concludes with a summary of pertinent fabrication methods of presented devices.

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Section: Hot-electron Bolometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thin-film Insulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications

et al. 2006

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“…This is achieved by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexers. 5,6 In a microstrip-coupled bolometer, only the mechanically robust slot antenna scale with wavelength, therefore the entire frequency range (∼ 30 GHz to 500 GHz) of interest in CMB science can be covered by the same technology.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antenna-coupled TES bolometers for CMB polarimetry

et al. 2006

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We have developed a completely lithographic antenna-coupled bolometer for CMB polarimetry. The necessary components of a millimeter wave radiometer -a beam forming element, a band defining filter, and the TES detectors -are fabricated on a silicon chip with photolithography. The densely populated antennas allow a very efficient use of the focal plane area. We have fabricated and characterized a series of prototype devices. We find that their properties, including the frequency and angular responses, are in good agreement with the theoretical expectations. The devices are undergoing optimization for upcoming CMB experiments.

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“…17 and 18) is in the early stages of development, as is a new code-domain multiplexing readout. 19 In this paper, we describe the fMUX readout system [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] as it has been deployed for mm-wavelength observations with the APEX-Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) (Refs. 2, 28, and 29) and South Pole Telescope (SPT) SZ (Refs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Frequency multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device readout of large bolometer arrays for cosmic microwave background measurements

Dobbs

Lueker

Aird

et al. 2012

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Millimeter-wave hybrid un-cooled narrow-gap hot-carrier and Schottky diodes direct detectors Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 082108 (2012) Tuning the dynamic properties of electrons between a quantum well and quantum dots J. Appl. Phys. 112, 043702 (2012) Fully integrated InGaAs/InP single-photon detector module with gigahertz sine wave gating Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 083111 (2012) "N" structure for type-II superlattice photodetectors Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 073505 (2012) Additional information on Rev. Sci. Instrum. A technological milestone for experiments employing transition edge sensor bolometers operating at sub-Kelvin temperature is the deployment of detector arrays with 100s-1000s of bolometers. One key technology for such arrays is readout multiplexing: the ability to read out many sensors simultaneously on the same set of wires. This paper describes a frequency-domain multiplexed readout system which has been developed for and deployed on the APEX-SZ and South Pole Telescope millimeter wavelength receivers. In this system, the detector array is divided into modules of seven detectors, and each bolometer within the module is biased with a unique ∼MHz sinusoidal carrier such that the individual bolometer signals are well separated in frequency space. The currents from all bolometers in a module are summed together and pre-amplified with superconducting quantum interference devices operating at 4 K. Room temperature electronics demodulate the carriers to recover the bolometer signals, which are digitized separately and stored to disk. This readout system contributes little noise relative to the detectors themselves, is remarkably insensitive to unwanted microphonic excitations, and provides a technology pathway to multiplexing larger numbers of sensors.

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Frequency-domain multiplexed readout of transition-edge sensor arrays with a superconducting quantum interference device

Cited by 82 publications

References 13 publications

Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications

Opportunities for mesoscopics in thermometry and refrigeration: Physics and applications

Antenna-coupled TES bolometers for CMB polarimetry

Frequency multiplexed superconducting quantum interference device readout of large bolometer arrays for cosmic microwave background measurements

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