Frequency Diverse Array Antennas: From Their Origin to Their Application in Wireless Communication Systems

Abstract

Wireless communication systems have gained considerable growth rate nowadays, with the anticipation that communications will be available everywhere and anywhere in the near future. Phased array antenna whose beam steering is fixed in an angle for all range cells has been utilized for wireless communications. To mitigate this problem, a new array concept, namely, frequency diverse array (FDA), was proposed. is paper presents how FDA technology could be useful in today's wireless communication technology. FDA is distinct from phased array in a sense that it employs frequency increment across array elements. e use of a frequency increment creates a beam steering that is a function of angle, time, and range which allows the FDA antenna to transmit the energy along the prespecified range and angle direction. In addition, we consider the time-variant beampattern aspect of an FDA, which has normally been ignored in the literature. In this study, we present the mathematical fundamentals of FDA antenna and why it could be exploited for wireless communication systems. Furthermore, FDA using Butler matrix for communication has been discussed. Performance analysis in terms of transmit beampattern, signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR), and direction of arrival has been presented and compared with that of phased array antenna.

WFRFT-Aided Power-Efficient Multi-Beam Directional Modulation Schemes Based on Frequency Diverse Array

“…exp j 2π∆f n,l t − r c + 2πf 0 nd sin θ c (16) In (16), the terms inside the summation sign are decided by the geometry and the frequency-offset scheme of the system, therefore sub-steering vector caused by the L carriers of the n-th antenna element can be written as (17) in the next page [42] [43], which is an L × 1 vector. As a result, the overall normalized steering vector of the symmetrical multi-carrier FDA can be calculated by…”

Development of Frequency Modulated Array Antennas for Millimeter-Wave Communications

“…Note that the frequency increment Δ can be uniformly and nonuniformly designed. According to [15,32], and using the first element as reference point, FDA beampattern steering vector is…”

“…The corresponding radiation pattern at the far-field of the th Butler matrix excitation input port can be expressed as in (15) [64]. As shown in (15), the main beam pointing direction depends on angle , range , and frequency increment Δ . After some algebraic manipulations, we can obtain beampattern peak as…”

“…In Figure 11, we illustrated FDA 8×8 Butler matrix using both angle focusing and range focusing (15). Hence, both angle and range dimensions can be controlled, which is beneficial for mm-wave 5G communication applications.…”

“…The authors in [33][34][35][36] discussed the applications of FDA in radar. Also, FDA antennas have been utilized in wireless communications for security applications [27,[37][38][39][40] and very recently, FDA antennas in wireless applications were presented in [15,41]. Again, in the application of codesign radar and communication (RadCom), FDA has been very attractive [42][43][44][45][46].…”